徐深气田气层压裂后压井液密度选取方法及应用

随着近年来深层试气测试工作量逐年增多,压井工程的工程量也同步增长.压井液密度如何选取是压井工程的关键环节.压井液密度过高导致了压井液漏失率高及用量大,由此带来高的压井成本.压井液密度过低给井控安全带来隐患,甚至发生井喷失控事故.为了合理地选取压井液密度,进行了深层压裂后压井液漏失率规律及影响因素分析试验,在试验基础上建立了压裂后气层压井液密度选取方法,充分考虑了地层原始压力系数、压力附加系数、压力衰竭程度和目前井口压力等因素.现场应用结果表明深层压裂后气层压井液密度选取方法适合于徐深气田的实际,有效地降低了压井液漏失率,减少了压井液用量,减轻了对气层的污染,可在徐深气田勘探、开发中普遍应用.     

徐深气田气层压裂后压井液密度选取方法

随着近年来深层试气测试工作量逐年增多,压井工程的工程量也同步增长。压井液密度如何选取是压井工程的关键环节。压井液密度过高导致了压井液漏失率高及用量大,由此带来高的压井成本。压井液密度过低给井控安全带来隐患,甚至发生井喷失控事故。为了合理地选取压井液密度,进行了深层压裂后压井液漏失率规律及影响因素分析试验,在试验基础上建立了压裂后气层压井液密度选取方法,充分考虑了地层原始压力系数、压力附加系数、压力衰竭程度和目前井口压力等因素。现场应用结果表明深层压裂后气层压井液密度选取方法适合于徐深气田的实际,有效地降低了压井液漏失率,减少了压井液用量,减轻了对气层的污染,可在徐深气田勘探、开发中普遍应用。     

低密度低滤失气井压井液的体系研制

针对吉林松原和红岗低压区块,压力系数小于1,储层温度为50度以内,研究出低密度超低伤害水包油型气井压井液,以水为外相,0#柴油为内相,选用实验室研制的具有良好乳化能力的乳化剂和降滤失剂,确定了压井液的配方。实验结果表明,此气井压井液具有良好的低滤失性、稳定性,通过对气层岩心的渗透率实验可以得出此压井液对气层伤害极小特点的结论。     

酚醛树脂冻胶流变性及粘弹性研究

由疏水缔合聚合物AP–P4和酚醛树脂预聚体YG103交联得到了酚醛树脂冻胶,研究了酚醛树脂冻胶的流变性和粘弹性,并对疏水缔合聚合物和酚醛树脂冻胶的粘弹性进行了对比。研究表明,酚醛树脂冻胶成胶过程可分为缓慢诱导阶段、快速增长阶段和稳定阶段。酚醛树脂冻胶的剪切应力具有时间依赖性和滞后特性,在外力作用一段时间后冻胶的应变可较好地恢复。与聚合物溶液相比,酚醛树脂冻胶具有更宽的线性粘弹性区域和更高的储能模量和损耗模量。在低频率下该冻胶的储能模量比损耗模量大,随着频率的增加,储能模量和损耗模量均增加;随着聚合物和交联剂质量分数的增加,冻胶体系的储能模量和损耗模量均增加;随着矿化度的增加,冻胶体系的储能模量和损耗模量出现先降低—增加—降低的过程。     

多相泡沫体系调驱试验

通过复配泡沫和聚合物冻胶微球形成多相泡沫体系,进行多相泡沫体系在多孔介质中的流动试验.显微图像显示,聚合物携带的聚合物冻胶微球具有良好的圆球度和分散性,分布在多相泡沫的液膜和plateau边界处.试验结果表明:聚合物冻胶微球能在岩心中不断封堵和运移,使注入压力和阻力系数增加,后续水驱仍有较高的残余阻力系数;多相泡沫体系封堵岩心时,压差曲线出现明显的上下波动,多相泡沫封堵受聚合物冻胶微球运移的影响;并联双管试验中泡沫和多相泡沫体系在岩心管中的分布状态不同,多相泡沫体系具有更好的调剖效果.     

延缓交联体系深部调剖性能的影响因素

通过室内试验和物理模拟试验,评价各种因素对水包油包水(W_1/O/W_2)的多重乳液交联剂冻胶体系成冻性能和封堵能力的影响.结果表明:与未包覆的Cr(AC)_3交联剂相比,多重乳液交联剂对聚合物有延缓交联的作用,更有利于进行深部调剖;随着聚合物、交联剂质量浓度和温度的增加,成冻时间缩短,冻胶强度增大;随着矿化度的增大,成冻时间先缩短后增加,冻胶强度先增强后变弱;交联剂冻胶的封堵能力随着聚合物、交联剂质量浓度的增加,均近似线性增大,但交联剂的影响更明显;封堵能力与地层渗透率有关,随着渗透率增大突破压力梯度在双对数坐标系中线性减小.     

清水配置冻胶在盐水中稳定性的变化研究

本文以水溶性酚醛树脂为交联剂,以纳米颗粒为稳定剂,以HPAM以及不同AMPS含量的聚合物为成胶剂,在低盐含量的模拟注入水中制备了稳定的冻胶。研究发现,相同交联剂和聚合物用量下,AM-AMPS共聚物成胶时间比HPAM长,但成胶后强度高。评价了制备的冻胶在不同盐含量模拟水中的脱水情况,结果表明,当模拟水盐含量为10000mg/L、30000mg/L时,冻胶会吸水膨胀、强度降低;但当模拟水盐含量高于50000mg/L时,冻胶则脱水,冻胶强度提高。模拟水盐含量越高,脱水幅度越大。提高冻胶中纳米颗粒的含量或用AMPS含量高的共聚物做成胶剂,可明显降低冻胶在高盐含量中的脱水幅度。研究结果对红河油田裂缝封堵剂的开发有指导意义。     

基于溶剂置换法的冻胶堵剂选择性试验

冻胶是溶液中的聚合物分子被交联剂交联后得到的一个整体失去流动性的体系。由聚合物部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与交联剂有机铬交联产生的冻胶,通过乙醇溶剂置换,消除相渗透率的影响,测定冻胶膜在油（甲苯）和水分别通过时对油和水的残余阻力系数。试验结果表明,冻胶对水的流动阻力是对油（甲苯）流动阻力的14．79倍,即冻胶对水和油有明显的选择性。该冻胶的选择性堵水性能可由膨胀收缩机理和油水分流机理来解释。     

高性能冻胶研究与微结构分析

从HPAM的双功能基团着手,利用正交实验研究出抗温、耐盐、稳定的HPAM双基团交联冻胶体系;该体系在Na+浓度小于50 000 mg/L或Ca2+浓度小于1 500 mg/L的条件下均能形成高强度冻胶。填砂管单管模型实验表明体系封堵率大于95%,封堵强度大,突破压力梯度大于20 MPa/m。双管模型实验表明体系有良好的选择封堵性,调整吸水剖面,提高采收率。利用扫描电镜对冻胶微观结构进行了分析,扫描电镜照片显示冻胶呈三维块状结构,结构较为致密,无明显聚合物骨架显示,酚醛树脂包裹于聚合物骨架之上,细小的酚醛树脂颗粒均匀分布于冻胶结构之中。     

井下冻胶阀技术在陈古1C井全过程欠平衡钻井中的应用

冻胶阀技术是全过程欠平衡钻井起下钻中最经济高效的一种井下封隔技术,室内试验表明聚丙烯酰胺化学凝胶体系凝胶时间短,形成的胶塞耐压性强,100米胶塞耐压可达6.6MPa,能够满足全过程欠平衡钻井工程要求。陈古1C井全过程欠平衡钻井使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶体系冻胶阀,4次起下钻冻胶阀试验均成功,封隔效果好。陈古1-1井通过采用冻胶阀全过程欠平衡技术,有效的保护了油气层,降低了钻井成本,提高了单井产量和机械钻速。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.