低压气井修井暂堵隔离冻胶与性能*

在低压气井修井作业中,采用在产气层使用暂堵隔离液的方法将压井液与产气层隔开,以防止压井液漏入对气层造成伤害;采用水溶性聚合物、乳液型金属离子交联剂、增强剂、纳米密封剂等辅助剂,研制出聚合物隔离液及隔离冻胶;并对隔离冻胶的耐压强度、气密性、破胶性能进行了评价。     

暂堵型聚合物凝胶压井液研制与应用

随着气田的开发深入,地层压力逐渐降低,修井作业中压井液漏失量大,储层污染严重,导致气井复产困难。本文通过改进配方,开发合成堵漏剂,研制出具有暂堵性能的聚合物凝胶压井液。通过性能评价得出,该压井液无固相、稳定性好、防膨率高、抗剪切、低滤失,同时具有良好的防漏、暂堵性能,其封堵率大于99%,突破压力梯度大于13.5MPa/m。另外,通过14井次现场应用,取得良好的储层保护效果,压井液漏失量明显降低,产量恢复率可以达90%以上,有效解决了低压、中强水敏、易漏失地层的气井复产难题。该压井液优良的吸水变形自适应能力,在气田开发中后期的修井作业中,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

无固相压井液抗高温性能研究

针对吉林气田目前使用的中浅层无固相压井液耐温能力差的缺陷,通过对高分子增黏剂和降滤失剂耐温性筛选以及对压井液体系高温稳定剂的研究,确定了耐高温无固相压井液的配方为:2.67% GWJ +1.67% ZN-1+2.0%KCl+0.7%A+0.05%BNP-10+0.1%KY-1+2.67% HS-1+一定量的NaCl、JZ-1.无固相压井液的耐温能力由70℃提高到了150℃,密度在1.1 g/cm3-1.5 g/cm3内可调,低滤失,对储层伤害小.     

新型聚合物压裂液的动态滤失及其对地层伤害规律研究

为研究新型聚合物压裂液滤失及对地层伤害规律,设计了一套压裂液动态滤失及岩心伤害测试装置,研究了剪切速率、滤失压降、岩心渗透率3种因素对压裂液滤失量、滤失系数及岩心伤害率的影响,并与常规胍胶压裂液进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:剪切速率升高时,压裂液滤失系数及总滤失量均升高,岩心伤害率在低剪切速率阶段增幅较大,而在高剪切速率阶段增幅较小;滤失压降升高时,初期压裂液滤失量增加,滤失系数基本不变,岩心伤害率逐渐升高;岩心原始渗透率升高时,初期压裂液滤失量及滤失系数均升高。3种影响因素下新型聚合物压裂液相对于胍胶压裂液均表现出良好的低滤失性及低伤害性。     

PEM钻井液体系性能评价与应用

北黄海海域LHIV地区油藏为低孔、低渗砂岩储层,油层易受到钻井液伤害.为保护油气层,优选了适用于该油层的低伤害PEM钻井液体系,室内试验表明PEM钻井液体系具有滤失量低、流变性、热稳定性好、具有一定抗污染能力,抑制性好等特点.PEM钻井液体系成功地应用于LHIV18-3-1井钻进,未出现明显井塌、井漏事故,取得了良好的效果.     

考虑动态滤失系数的压裂井裂缝闭合及返排优化

依据渗流力学理论,借助岩心滤失试验,引入动态滤失系数,建立致密气井压裂后强制裂缝闭合理论模型和动态滤失系数模型,对加砂压裂及压后关井过程中的压裂液滤失量、滤液侵入机制、近缝地层压力剖面进行动态分析。结果表明:动态滤失系数模型可更好地描述压裂液滤失的动态过程,前期滤失速率大,后期滤失速率变小并趋于定值;压裂液滤失由缝口至缝端逐渐降低,侵入伤害带主要集中在缝口处,侵入深度与储层的物性参数、压裂液流体参数及施工规模有关;气井中压降主要集中在原状地层区,返排的主要能量来源于压裂及关井过程中地层气体压缩产生的附加能量。     

清洁压裂液对阜东斜坡区头屯河地层伤害研究

由十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(1831)、水杨酸钠、KCl制备了清洁压裂液,通过流动实验系统评价了清洁压裂液静滤失、动滤失对阜东斜坡区头屯河地层特低渗透砂砾岩岩心渗透率的影响.结果表明,清洁压裂液静滤失对阜东岩心伤害率可达30％左右,动滤失对阜东岩心伤害率很小.进一步通过分析破胶液黏度、润湿反转作用、乳化作用等因素,发现清洁压裂液与岩心的油相发生乳化作用是导致岩心静滤失伤害的主要原因.     

裂缝伤害对套管射孔压裂井产能影响分析

在套管射孔压裂井中,存在影响井生产动态的裂缝伤害:瓶颈裂缝和压裂液滤失形成的滤失带伤害。运用分析方法研究了上述伤害对井产能的影响。分析结果表明两种类型的裂缝伤害都会降低压裂井产能,与滤失带伤害相比,瓶颈裂缝大幅度地降低了井产能,最大降幅达7倍。虽然压裂液滤失对井产能的影响没有瓶颈裂缝那么大,但也降低多一半。在实际施工中,应采用各种措施消除瓶颈裂缝和减小压裂液滤失。     

裂缝伤害对套管射孔压裂井产能影响分析

在套管射孔压裂井中,存在影响井生产动态的裂缝伤害:瓶颈裂缝和压裂液滤失形成的滤失带伤害。运用分析方法研究了上述伤害对井产能的影响。分析结果表明两种类型的裂缝伤害都会降低压裂井产能,与滤失带伤害相比,瓶颈裂缝大幅度地降低了井产能,最大降幅达7倍。虽然压裂液滤失对井产能的影响没有瓶颈裂缝那么大,但也降低多一半。在实际施工中,应采用各种措施消除瓶颈裂缝和减小压裂液滤失。     

致密砂岩油藏压裂液伤害实验研究

致密砂岩油藏孔喉半径细小、连通性差,水力压裂过程中由于压裂液滤失、返排不彻底等因素极易造成储层伤害,有必要针对常用压裂液体系对储层基质和支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害进行评价。利用压裂液注入实验和导能能力测试仪测试了滑溜水压裂液、线性胶压裂液和交联胍胶压裂液的储层基质伤害、滤饼伤害和支撑裂缝导流能力伤害,结合核磁共振技术分析了压裂液滤失的孔径范围,揭示了三种压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害机理。三种压裂液对储层基质伤害和滤饼伤害与滤失系数有关,滤失系数越大,基质伤害越大,滤饼伤害越小。储层的滤饼伤害要大于基质伤害。针对致密砂岩储层,压裂液对储层基质的伤害主要是对储层中孔和大孔的伤害。三种压裂液对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害大小和破胶液的残渣含量有关,残渣含量越高,对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害也就越大。闭合压力越高,支撑裂缝导流能力伤害率也越高。对于致密砂岩油藏,减小滤饼形成和残渣的滞留是降低压裂液伤害的主要途径。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.