Highly sensitive biosensors based on water-soluble conjugated polymers

Conjugated, conductive polymers are a kind of important organic macromolecules, which has found applications in a variety of areas. The application of conjugated polymers in developing fluorescent biosensors represents the merge of polymer sciences and biological sciences. Conjugated polymers are very good light harvesters as well as fluorescent polymers, and they are also “molecular wires”.Through elaborate designs, these important features, i.e.efficient light harvesting and electron/energy transfer, can be used as signal amplification in fluorescent biosensors. This might significantly improve the sensitivity of conjugated polymer-based biosensors. In this article, we reviewed the application of conjugated polymers, via either electron transfer or energy transfer, to detections of gene targets, antibodies or enzymes. We also reviewed recent efforts in conjugated polymer-based solid-state sensor designs as well as chip-based multiple target detection. Possible directions in this conjugated polymer-based biosensor area are also discussed.     

Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect

Membrane distillation technology is a new type of efficient separation technology that combines traditional distillation technology and membrane separation technology. In the study, applications of membrane distillation technology in thermal engineering and refrigerating engineering with typical energy transformation process were presented. Desorption and regeneration process of saline solution by vacuum membrane distillation was proposed on the basis of the concentration and separation properties of membrane distillation. Membrane distillation technology could be used in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, energy storage system, and the regeneration process of liquid desiccant solution in temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning system. The aim of the applications was to use the low-grade energy such as waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy adequately and to improve the available temperature difference of heat source. According to latent heat transfer and thermal conduction across the membrane in direct contact membrane distillation process, a novel membrane heat exchanger with both heat transfer and mass transfer processes was proposed. The heat exchanger could be used as the solution heat exchanger of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system and as the special heat exchanger that recovered heat and pure water simultaneously. Some feasible process flows about the applications of membrane distillation technology to energy transformation process were listed and analyzed. Finally, future research emphases were indicated.     

Preparation of multi-color quantum dots and its application to immunohistochemical analysis

Quantum dots （QDs） have the potential to be used in the multiplexed bioanalysis for their unique property： multi-color QDs can be excited at the same single wavelength light. In this work, high quantum yield multi-color core/shell QDs were prepared. After being water-solubilized by amphiphilic polymer based on self-assembling, the QDs would be labeled by two different IgGs and used in the multiplexed biodetection. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer （FRET） should be avoided in the multiplexed biodetection. In this work, spectral analysis showed that no FRET appeared in watersoluble QDs modified by amphiphilic polymer. The immunofluorescence in vitro indicated that the QDs- IgGs bioconjugates had excellent species-specific detection ability with nearly non-specific binding. The setting of this model will help to support the application of multi-color QDs in the multiplexed bioanalysis communities.     

Protease-activated quantum dot probes based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer

A novel sensing system based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and Rhoda-mine B (RB) was established for the detection of matrix metalloproteinases (MMOL/LPs). In this system, 535-nm-emitting quantum dots (QDs) were bound to Rhodamine B (RB) via a MMOL/LP-specific peptide. A 76% reduction in luminescence was achieved because of FRET. Release of RBs by peptide cleavage restores radiative QD photoluminescence. Initial studies observed a 73% rise in luminescence over 60 min. The design platform of the nanosensor is flexible and can be fine-tuned for a wide array of applications such as the detection of biomarkers, early diagnosis of disease, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy simply by changing the sequence of the peptide linker.     

Slow light between two absorbing resonance in asymmetry double quantum dots

We demonstrate the slow light in double quantum dots (QDs) resonance dispersion material in theory. The slow factor, absorption, and bandwidth are greatly influenced by the energy difference of the two resonance energy. The bandwidth of this system is up to 60 GHz. The 20 ps input signal pulse is delayed by 180 ps (group index of approximately 55) relative to free-space propagation with little broadening in 1 mm dispersion material for the optical communication wavelength. The signal pulse delay can be tuned by the pump pulse.     

PL Emission and Shape of Silicon Quantum Dots

The calculation results show that the bonding energy and electronic states of silicon quantum dots are different on various curved surfaces, for example, a Si-O-Si bridge bond on curved surface provides the localized levels in band gap and its bonding energy is shallower than that on facet. The red-shifting of PL spectra on smaller silicon quantum dots can be explained by curved surface effect. Experiments demonstrate that silicon quantum dots are activated for emission due to the localized levels provided in curved surface effect.     

China’s bioenergy industry development roadmap

Positive development of renewable energy, saving and substitution of fossil energy, promotion of the energy structure adjustment are the inevitable strategy choices of China＇ s sustainable development. This paper discussed the China＇ s bioenergy resources status, development targets and technology development roadmaps. China has 136. 140 million hm^2 of marginal land, which distribute mainly in western and northern regions. There are 1 billion t of crop residues and forestry waste annually, and 300 million t can be used to produce different kinds of bioenergies. And organic waste and manure can generate 50 billion m3 of biogas. The discussed development target indicated that it can construct a biomass oilfield with the capacity of 100 million t/year and reduce 200 million t of CO2 emission by 2020. The bioenergy technology development roadmap indicated that the bioethanol mainly uses non grain starch and hemicellulose products as raw materials in the near-term （2006 -2010）. The biodiesel technology will focus on the advanced production technology, FT diesel, liquefaction of biomass and raw material production technology.     

Dependence of elastic strain field on the self-organized ordering of quantum dot superlattices

A systematic investigation of the strain distribution of self-organized, lens-shaped quantum dot in the case of groffth direction on (001) substrate was presented. The three-dimensional finite element analysis for an array of dots was used for the strain calculation. The dependence of the strain energy density distribution on the thickness of the capping layer was investigated in detail when the elastic characteristics of the matrix material were anisotropic. It is shown that the elastic anisotropic greatly influences the stress, strain, and strain energy density in the quantum dot structures. The anisotropic ratio of the matrix material and the combination with different thicknesses of the capping layer, may lead to different strain energy density minimum locations on the capping layer surface, which can result in various vertical ordering phenomena for the next layer of quantum dots, i.e. partial alignment, random alignment, and complete alignment.     

Synthesis and Applications of Fluoroalkyl End-capped Oligomeric Nanoparticles

1 Results Considerable interest has been devoted in recent years to block copolymers containing fluoroalkyl groups owing to exhibiting the low surface energy and the self-assembled polymeric aggregates resembling micelle in aqueous and organic media, which cannot be achieved in the corresponding randomly fluorinated copolymers[1].In these fluorinated block copolymers, we have found that ABA triblock-type fluoroalkylated oligomers and dendritic-type fluoroalkyl end-capped block copolymers can be prepared by the use of fluoroalkanoyl peroxide as a key intermediate[2].Interestingly, these fluorinated block polymers can form the nanometer size-controlled self-assembled molecular aggregates with the aggregation of end-capped fluoroalkyl segments in aqueous and organic media[3].More interestingly, these fluorinated molecular aggregates thus obtained could interact with a variety of guest molecules such as organic dyes, low-molecular biocides, metal nanoparticles, calcium carbonates, fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, nanodiammonds and magnetites to afford stable fluorinated molecular aggregates-guest molecules nanocomposites[3].     

Study of ionizable drugs transfer across the water／1,2-dichloroethane interface with phase volume ratio equal to unity using a three-electrode system

The electrochemical behavior of ionizable drugs (Amitripty/ine, Diphenhydramine and Trihexyphenedyl) at the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface with the phase volume ratio (r=Vo/Vw) equal to 1 are investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The system is composed of an aqueous droplet supported at an Ag/AgCI disk electrode and it was covered with an organic solution. In this manner, a conventional three-electrode potentiostat can be used to study the ionizable drugs transfer process at a liquid/liquid interface.Physicochemical parameters such as the formal transfer potential, the Gibbs energy of transfer and the standard partition coefficients of the ionized forms of these drugs can be evaluated from cyclic voltammograms obtained. The obtained results have been summarized in ionic partition diagrams, which are a useful tool for predicting and interpreting the transfer mechanisms of ionizable drugs at the liquid/liquid interfaces and biological membranes.     

Dirichlet级数与随机Dirichlet级数在半平面内的增长性

采用Knopp-Kojima的方法,研究了Diriehlet级数与随机Diriehlet级数在右半平面内的增长性,得到了级由系数表示的充分必要条件.并且得到了随机Dirichlet级数在右半平面内的级与任意水平半带形内的级在一定条件下几乎必然相等的结论.     

球面型空间中的Pappus定理和Desargues定理

1988年左铨如将欧氏平面的Menelaus定理推广到二维球面型空间.本文在此基础上直接证明了二维球面型空间的Desargues定理和Pappus定理,并给出它们的几个应用.     

程家沟铁矿边坡结构面特征及对边坡稳定性的影响

程家沟铁矿边坡结构面研究表明,节理破坏了岩体的连续完整性,降低了岩体的强度。层间滑面是影响边坡稳定的主要因素     

准噶尔盆地不整合类型和分布规律

针对传统不整合类型划分主要根据不整合面两侧地层的几何关系或者反射终端模式或者不整合面的成因机制（构造与沉积）、地震反射终止方式及剖面形态对不整合进行分类,所存在的无法很好处理不整合与油气成藏关系的不足,借鉴传统的关于不整合面两侧地层几何关系的基本原理、采用地震地层学中对一个层序识别反射终端的定义,结合准噶尔盆地不整合面的特征,首次将准噶尔盆地不整合划分为四种类型：上超/削蚀型、上超/整一型、整一/削蚀型、整一/整一型。指出地势的高低与剥蚀量的大小决定了不整合类型在平面上的分布规律。其中上超/削蚀型和整一/削蚀型对油气聚集最有利。     

柱面光波场在垂直光轴方向的参考面上的复振幅表示

在柱坐标下从微分波动方程出发，推导柱面光波的场分布，并利用远场近似条件导出当线光源与光轴成任意角度时，在垂直光轴方向的参考面上的复振幅表示．     

锦屏电站坝区Ⅰ类结构面地质－力学特征研究

根据四川锦屏Ⅰ级水电站坝区岩体结构弱面（带）实地调查、测绘资料，对结构面类型，主要结构面分布特征、形态特征及结构面隙间物质结构和物理力学特征进行了分析，获得了许多重要成果。这些成果为坝区岩体分类、质量评价、各类岩体物理力学参数的确定、坝区高陡边坡变形破坏及稳定性评价提供了重要依据     

右半复平面上零级的Dirichlet 级数

研究Dirichlet级数的系数、指数、最大项、和函数的最大模与它的正规增长性的关系，刻划右半复平面上零级增长的Dirichlet级数的性质．     

山区城镇建设中的地貌问题

论述了河流阶地、冲洪积扇、台地、剥蚀面、滑坡平台等地貌类型的分布特征、演化规律及作为城镇选址的利弊,并提出兴利除弊、合理利用的途径.以四川省为例,对山区城镇地貌灾害的演化规律及防治措施进行了探讨.从地貌的角度对山区城镇发展的限制性因素进行了分析.     

管道有源降噪可行性的理论论证

管道消声的基本原理是由控制器产生次声源平面波,使其与原噪声在管道干涉相消,本文将在声波导管的基础上对这一理论进行可行性论证.     

气—固相反应薄片颗粒的宏观反应速率方程

本文导出了气—固相反应缩芯模型薄片颗粒的宏观反应速率方程．