The effects of interface scattering on thermoelectric properties of film thermoelectric materials

A theoretical model taking into consideration the interface effects is established to predict the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity for a polycrystalline thermoelectric （TE） thin film. The interface scattering mechanisms （including the film-surface scattering and grain-boundary scattering） of the transport electrons in the film materials are revealed. The relations between the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductivity and the interface parameters （the film-surface reflection coefficient and the grain-boundary transmission coefficient） are then discussed with respect to the proposed model. The differences in the TE properties between the films and bulk materials caused by size restriction are investigated. The results indicate that the higher grain number leads to stronger grain-boundary scattering and more distinct size effects of the TE properties. In contrast to the surface effect, the grain-boundary effect plays a main role in the TE properties of TE films with polycrystalline structures.     

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect

The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.     

铁磁/半导体/铁磁异质结构的自旋极化输运

采用相干量子输运理论和传递矩阵方法,研究了具有不同自旋指向的极化电子渡越铁磁/半导体/铁磁异质结构的隧穿几率和自旋极化率.研究表明,隧穿几率和自旋极化率随半导体长度的改变发生周期性变化、随Rashba自旋轨道耦合强度的改变发生准周期变化,并且在2铁磁电极中磁矩取向平行时;选择适当的半导体的长度和Rashba自旋轨道耦合强度可以得到较大的自旋极化率.     

Giant spin Seebeck effect in a non-magnetic material

The spin Seebeck effect is observed when a thermal gradient applied to a spin-polarized material leads to a spatially varying transverse spin current in an adjacent non-spin-polarized material, where it gets converted into a measurable voltage. It has been previously observed with a magnitude of microvolts per kelvin in magnetically ordered materials, ferromagnetic metals, semiconductors and insulators. Here we describe a signal in a non-magnetic semiconductor (InSb) that has the hallmarks of being produced by the spin Seebeck effect, but is three orders of magnitude larger (millivolts per kelvin). We refer to the phenomenon that produces it as the giant spin Seebeck effect. Quantizing magnetic fields spin-polarize conduction electrons in semiconductors by means of Zeeman splitting, which spin-orbit coupling amplifies by a factor of ～25 in InSb. We propose that the giant spin Seebeck effect is mediated by phonon-electron drag, which changes the electrons' momentum and directly modifies the spin-splitting energy through spin-orbit interactions. Owing to the simultaneously strong phonon-electron drag and spin-orbit coupling in InSb, the magnitude of the giant spin Seebeck voltage is comparable to the largest known classical thermopower values.     

超塑变形中的晶粒尺寸效应

分析了晶粒尺寸在各种机制中对总变形的影响;晶粒尺寸不同时材料变形的微观特征;晶粒尺寸对晶界滑移速率的影响。讨论了超塑变形中的区间转变;定量表达了晶粒尺寸和变形温度对区间转变应变速率的影响;进而提出临界晶粒尺寸及临界变形温度的新概念及表达式。并以Al-Zn-Mg合金对以上理论分析进行了验证。     

电子隧道效应新释

用经典物理的办法解释了电子隧道效应,认为电子隧道效应是导体中的自由电子扩散到绝缘层中,使得绝缘层中的价电子能态升高,由束缚态（局域态）转变成自由态（公有化态）,从而参与裁流的现象：导体中的自由电子扩散到绝缘层中,由于库仑斥力的作用,使得绝缘层中的价电子在晶格势场中的能态升高,降低了势垒高度,同时,由于载流子定向运动产生的霍尔电场对价电子做功及电流产生的焦耳热也使得价电子能态升高。在三个因素的影响之下,绝缘层中价电子能态升高,由局域态转变成自由状态,从而参与载流。根据绝缘层厚度和隧道效应的尺寸,可以判定金属中价电子对绝缘层中价电子的作用范围大约是十几A的限度．     

粒度对浆体管道输送稳定性的影响

针对长距离浆体管道输送过程中存在着输送稳定性的问题,分析了管道输送的主要影响因素,运用实验的方法论述了颗粒级配对浆体输送稳定性的影响.结果表明管道输送选用的颗粒级配是否合理是非常关键的,它的优化将影响一系列管道输送参数,优化浆体的粒度组合,可减小粗颗粒的沉降速度,以制止其分选沉降,从而提高浆体的输送稳定性.因此,选用合理的颗粒级配作为浆体的输送粒级是可行的,也是安全可靠的.     

ZnO纳米晶的拉曼光谱

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了5~31 nm氧化锌纳米晶,测量了它们的拉曼光谱,结果表明二级拉曼模随粒径减小相对强度增大,归因于尺寸效应.新出现的938 cm-1模指认为来自表面氧空位.     

Bismuth embrittlement of copper is an atomic size effect

Embrittlement by the segregation of impurity elements to grain boundaries is one of a small number of phenomena that can lead to metallurgical failure by fast fracture. Here we settle a question that has been debated for over a hundred years: how can minute traces of bismuth in copper cause this ductile metal to fail in a brittle manner? Three hypotheses for Bi embrittlement of Cu exist: two assign an electronic effect to either a strengthening or weakening of bonds, the third postulates a simple atomic size effect. Here we report first principles quantum mechanical calculations that allow us to reject the electronic hypotheses, while supporting a size effect. We show that upon segregation to the grain boundary, the large Bi atoms weaken the interatomic bonding by pushing apart the Cu atoms at the interface. The resolution of the mechanism underlying grain boundary weakening should be relevant for all cases of embrittlement by oversize impurities.     

向错强度与阻尼系数对纳米晶材料小角度晶界湮没的影响

[目的]研究一维纳米晶材料演化过程中的小角度晶界湮没过程,探究向错强度与阻尼系数对位错湮没的影响。[方法]建立位错运动方程,计算模拟小角度晶界的晶格位错在外应力作用下发生的变化。[结果]随着切应力增加,晶界由过阻尼运动变为无穷远的单向运动,向错强度越大晶界越难以湮没,并且晶界位错由同时湮没转变为两端先湮没,中心后湮没;阻尼系数越大,湮没临界切应力越大,但到达一定值时,阻尼系数不再影响临界值。[结论]晶界湮没存在临界切应力,向错强度主要影响临界切应力,阻尼系数主要影响位错初始速度和运动停止时间。     

超临界混合流体自然对流的三维数值模拟

针对三维矩形腔体中超临界氮氩混合流体的Rayleigh-Bénard对流进行了数值模拟,研究了活塞效应、Soret效应和Dufour效应在自然对流发生发展过程中所产生的影响.结果显示:3种效应作用下自然对流可分为稳定边界层、对流产生和发展、稳定对流3个阶段.活塞效应在稳定热边界层时期发挥主导作用并促进对流发生,形成双热边界层结构.受温度梯度驱动Soret效应引起组分定向迁移,产生Dufour效应促进能量输运.与拟纯流体对比后发现,自然对流发展阶段混合流体中Soret和Dufour效应具有促进流动增强换热的效果.     

佛山市禅城区景观格局粒度效应分析Ⅱ——粒度效应分析

以佛山市禅城区作为研究对象,在其土地利用分类的基础上,利用GIS软件、景观格局分析软件(Fragrats3.3)和Excel软件,从景观水平和斑块类型水平上分析了粒度变化对禅城区、老城区和南庄镇3类景观格局的影响,并对比分析南庄镇和老城区在不同粒度下的尺度效应,寻找不同景观的适宜分析粒度,从而为选择适宜粒度进行景观指数的计算和尺度转换提供理论依据。结果表明,景观指数具有粒度效应:在景观水平上,禅城区的适宜粒度为5、20～40和120～140m,老城区的适宜粒度为10、20～40和120～140m,南庄镇的适宜粒度为5、70、110m;在斑块类型水平上,禅城区和老城区的适宜粒度均为10或120～140m,南庄镇的适宜粒度大致为10、20或120～150m。     

锰氧化物La_(0.55)Ca_(0.45)MnO_3输运性质的研究

本文中,利用交流磁化率、电阻率、热电势和ERP谱等多种测量手段对锰氧化物La_(0.55)Ca_(0.45)MnO_3多晶样品的输运性质和磁阻特性进行研究。实验结果表明,是双交换作用和小极化子效应的共同作用决定了CMR效应的特性。La_(0.55)Ca_(0.45)MnO_3与La_(0.7)Ca_(0.3)MnO_3样品的电阻率在T<相似文献   

Thermoelectric effect of silicon films prepared by aluminum-induced crystallization

Aluminum-induced crystallized silicon films were prepared on glass substrates by magnetron sputtering. Aluminum was added in the silicon films intermittently by the regular pulse sputtering of an aluminum target. The amount of aluminum in the silicon films can be controlled by regulating the aluminum sputtering power and the sputtering time of the undoped silicon layer; thus, the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity of the polycrystalline silicon films can be adjusted. It is found that, when the sputtering power ratio of aluminum to silicon is 16%, both the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity decrease with the increasing amount of aluminum as expected; the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity at room temperature are 0.185-0.285 mV/K and 0.30-2.4 Ω·cm, respectively. By reducing the sputtering power ratio to 7%, however, the Seebeck coefficient does not change much, though the electrical resistivity still decreases with the amount of aluminum increasing; the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity at room temperature are 0.219-0.263 mV/K and 0.26-0.80 Ω·cm, respectively.     

Effects of initial grain size and strain on grain boundary engineering of high-nitrogen CrMn austenitic stainless steel

18Mn18Cr0.5N steel with an initial grain size of 28–177 μm was processed by 2.5%–20% cold rolling and annealing at 1000℃ for 24 h, and the grain boundary character distribution was examined via electron backscatter diffraction. Low strain (2.5%) favored the formation of low-Σ boundaries. At this strain, the fraction of low-Σ boundaries was insensitive to the initial grain size. However, specimens with fine initial grains showed decreasing grain size after grain boundary engineering processing. The fraction of low-Σ boundaries and the (Σ9 + Σ27)/Σ3 value decreased with increasing strain; furthermore, the specimens with fine initial grain size were sensitive to the strain. Finally, the effects of the initial grain size and strain on the grain boundary engineering were discussed in detail.     

面向纳米尺度金属互连线的蒙特卡洛模拟方法研究

考虑各种尺度下金属互连线中主要的电子散射机制,提出一种可以准确地仿真金属互连线中电子输运特性的蒙特卡洛模拟方法.模拟结果表明,等离子激元散射对体材料互连线的电阻率贡献最大,其次是电子间散射;晶粒间界散射则主导纳米尺度线宽的金属电阻率,是导致"尺寸效应"的主要原因.通过与实验数据对比,证明所提方法可以准确地模拟从体材料到...     

Fe--36 Ni因瓦合金的热塑性

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究Fe-36Ni合金在900~1200℃的热塑性行为,并用FactSage软件、扫描电镜及透射电镜等研究该合金热塑性的影响因素及作用机理.结果表明：合金中主要形成Al2 O3+Ti3 O5+MnS复合夹杂,夹杂物颗粒尺寸集中分布在0.5μm以下.合金热塑性在900~1050℃受晶界滑移及动态再结晶共同影响.晶界上分布的纳米级别(<200 nm)夹杂物有效钉扎晶界,抑制动态再结晶发生的同时减小晶界结合力.微米级别(>200 nm)夹杂物则促进显微裂纹在晶界滑移过程中的形成和扩展,损害合金热塑性.当温度高于1050℃时,较高的变形温度使再结晶驱动力大于钉扎作用力,合金发生动态再结晶,有效提高热塑性.在1100~1200℃区间内,枝晶间裂纹的形成、晶界滑移的加剧及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸增大都降低合金热塑性.     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts

The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.     

Shape demagnetization effect on layered magnetoelectric composites

Magnetoelectric （ME） voltage coefficient of plate layered magnetostricUve-piezoelectric composites was always considered independent of the in-plane size due to the oversimplification in ME theoretical models. Here we report that the ME voltage coefficient depends on the in-plane size owing to shape demagnetization effect on magnetostriction. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that ME voltage coefficient of layered ME composites changes with the variation in in-plane sizes （length and width）. ME coefficient increases with a rise in in-plane sizes, and different aspect ratio also results in different ME coefficients. Proper design of in-plane shape will greatly promote the development of ME devices.