制冷空调系统故障检测与诊断中的空气侧换热模型

对3种常用空气侧换热模型（戈果林换热模型、扰流管束换热模型和J因子换热模型）进行了分析,着重研究其单调性以及在制冷空调系统故障检测与诊断模型中的适用性,设计实验并采用焓差法测量制冷空调系统空气侧的换热系数,与3种空气侧换热模型的计算结果加以比对,并对其结果进行修正.结果表明,修正后的3种换热模型所得结果与其相应的实验结果较吻合.其中：戈果林公式具有非单调性而不适用于仿真模型的计算;J因子换热模型和扰流管束换热模型具有单调性,适用于制冷空调系统故障检测与诊断中的仿真模型计算,且J因子的计算误差最小.     

全铝无接触热阻冷凝器的建模与性能测试

采用分布参数法建立了空调系统全铝无接触热阻冷凝器的稳态计算模型,并用空气焓值法对全铝无接触热阻冷凝器试件进行了性能测试实验;通过与实验结果的对比,验证了该数学模型的计算精度——在相同工况下,该冷凝器计算模型的换热量最大误差为4.8%,气侧压降最大误差为6.7%.用建立的模型分析了冷凝器结构尺寸变化对其换热性能和压降的影响.采用冷凝器综合性能因子ε来综合考虑换热量和气侧压降对冷凝器性能的影响.结果表明:全铝冷凝器的换热量随内流道宽b′的增大而减小;全铝冷凝器的换热量随翅片管数n的增大而增大;全铝冷凝器换热量随翅片管宽度a的增大而增大;当翅片管宽a为40 mm,翅片管数n为22,内流道宽度b′为1.4 mm时,冷凝器的换热量最大,为3 423.2 W,空气压降为19.15 Pa;全铝冷凝器换热系数随着翅片管宽的a的增大先增大后减小,在翅片管宽a为38 mm时取得最大值;换热系数随着翅片管数n的增大而增大;冷凝器综合性能因子ε随着翅片管宽a的增大先增大后减小,随着翅片管数的增大而增大.     

析湿工况下亲水层对开缝翅片管换热器空气侧换热压降特性影响分析

对附带亲水层和没有附带亲水层的开缝翅片管换热器在析湿工况下的空气侧特性进行了实验研究,分析了亲水层对空气侧换热和压降特性的影响.实验结果表明:析湿工况下亲水层使翅片管换热器空气侧的换热特性减弱,风速和翅片间距越小时,减弱程度越强;对于相同结构参数没有亲水处理过的翅片,亲水处理过翅片的空气侧换热系数降低的最大值可达到25.4%;亲水层对降低空气侧的压降则有显著作用,降低的最大值可达到51%;附带亲水层与未附带亲水层开缝翅片管换热器析湿工况下,空气侧换热系数比和压降比关联式的平均误差分别为5.6%和8.4%,在±15%误差范围内分别能涵盖93.4%和84.2%实验数据.     

空气在立管外螺旋流动数值模拟及实验研究

实验研究了空气在立管外螺旋流动的传热和流阻性能,结果为空气在立管外螺旋流动的对流换热系数是空气横掠单管的2～3倍,并利用模拟软件PHOENICS对立管外空气流动进行了数值模拟,将其与实验结果进行分析比较,误差低于10%,证明是实验方法的有力补充并对此进行机理分析,这可为设计高效节能的立式螺旋隔板换热器提供参考.     

矩形翅片椭圆换热管束性能

采用标准k-ε模型,就管排数和翅片间距等因素对矩形翅片椭圆换热管束流动换热性能的影响进行分析.得到管束各排翅片表面平均换热系数分布规律,并给出j因子和f因子与管排数的关系.结果表明:翅片间距主要通过阻力对管束性能产生影响,当翅片间距小于2.5 mm时,管束空气侧阻力对风速的敏感性显著增加;可以通过采用高导热系数翅片材料的方法来提升管束性能.     

工程车辆翼型热管式散热器性能研究

为了提升散热器综合性能,保持车辆工作性能稳定,根据生产商提供的几何参数,应用计算流体力学对管片式散热器单元性能进行数值计算,将结果与试验数据对比,以验证仿真模型的准确性.以尽量保持散热面积为前提,提出以NACA0018翼型作为热管特征,计算并对比两者的JF因子,进一步讨论其与NACA0012,NACA0021间的换热系数和压力损失差异.仿真结果表明:通过对散热器单元体的数值模拟,可在一定误差范围内获取散热器冷侧换热系数和压力损失;与扁平管翅片结构相比,仿真区间内翼型热管翅片的JF因子略高,当流速达到12m/s时,JF评价因子高出约15.97%;与NACA0018相比,NACA0021具有较高的换热系数和压力损失,设计时应根据相对厚度酌情选择.     

空气-水鼓泡流动的阻力与蒸发传热特性

实验研究了一种新的适用于蒸发冷却过程的鼓泡装置的阻力与传热特性.实验中将换热盘管浸没于空气-水的鼓泡层中,空气-水两相流通过盘管的表面.这种换热方式可以极大的提高换热管与空气之间的换热系数,降低水泵功率的消耗,而且对气流速度的要求低于空冷式冷凝器.文中给出了空气穿过空气-水鼓泡层的压降以及盘管与冷却水之间换热的实验数据,该结果显示影响压降及换热系数的因素包括多孔板的几何尺寸,鼓泡层的高度,空塔速度及热流密度.换热盘管与冷却水之间的换热系数比管外降膜冷却的换热系数大2倍多.     

三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧换热系数的关联式

对三分螺旋折流板换热器和对比方案弓形折流板换热器的传热和压降性能进行实验测试,其中,三分螺旋折流板换热器包括倾斜角分别为10,°15,°20°的扇形折流板,倾斜角为15°的椭圆折流板和倾斜角为20°的扇形搭接折流板5种方案.实验结果表明,20°倾斜角扇形折流板方案的壳侧换热系数最高且压降较低;折流板轴向搭接方案并不合理;当量螺旋角对换热器的性能起决定作用.根据实验数据拟合出含有倾斜角修正因子的三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧换热系数的关联式,所计算的10,°15°和20°扇形折流板方案的数值与实验值相比误差大多小于±10%.     

多元微通道平行流冷凝器理论模型与实验研究

针对多元微通道平行流冷凝器,运用分布参数法建立稳态理论模型.根据变工况实验拟合空气侧摩擦因子计算公式.分析了迎面风速、进风温度及制冷剂流量对冷凝器换热性能和压降的影响.结果表明,模型计算结果与实验数据变化趋势一致,最大误差为9.759%.证明了模型的正确性及有效性,可为多元微通道平行流换热器的结构优化及性能分析提供参考.     

风冷冷凝器管外传热与流动的数值模拟

对不同夹角、不同管排的V型风冷冷凝器以及不同结构型式的冷凝器的管外三维流动与换热特性进行了数值研究,模拟采用商用软件PHOENICS3.6进行。由于风冷冷凝器的主要热阻在空气侧,空气侧的换热性能决定了整个冷凝器的性能,所以本文比较了各种夹角、各种管排、各种结构下冷凝器空气侧的迎面风速、平均换热系数、换热量和阻力特性,其结论对于目前空调使用的风冷冷凝器的优化设计具有一定的指导作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~