重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特征研究

研究了重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰四季的腐蚀性和浸出毒性,并以秋季的焚烧飞灰为代表研究了Pb,Zn,Ni,Cr,Cu,Cd,Mn等7种重金属在不同液固比、浸出时间和初始pH值下的浸出特性．结果表明：春夏两季飞灰的浸出液pH值在10．30左右,而秋冬两季的浸出液pH值在12．00左右,四季飞灰都不具腐蚀性;所研究的7种重金属都没有浸出毒性,秋冬两季的Pb,Cr,Cu浸出量较高,夏季的Mn,Ni,Cr浸出量较高,而重金属浸出总量秋冬两季高于春夏两季;重金属的浸出量通常随液固比的增加而增加．重金属的浸出量随浸出时间的增加也呈增大的趋势．重金属的浸出量随pH值的增大呈减小趋势,各重金属在pH=1时浸出量最大,表明在酸性环境下较易浸出．     

利用膨润土及硫化物对污泥中重金属的稳定化研究

分别采用膨润土及硫化物对污泥中重金属进行了稳定化研究，通过重金属形态分析及浸出毒性实验，研究了两种物质吸附及稳定化污泥中重金属的作用，从而为污泥农用中重金属的处理提供一个有效的方法。结果表明，经过处理后，污泥中重金属的浸出毒性减少，可以满足污泥农用标准，重金属不稳定形态含量显著减少。其中，膨润土对重金属Cd、Ni具有较好的吸附效果，pH值是影响吸附的重要因素；而硫化物对重金属Zn、Cu和Cd具有较好的稳定化效果，当加入10％的药剂时，Zn的浸出浓度仅为4．96mg／L，同时污泥中重金属不稳定形态的比例减少了约50％～60％。     

飞灰水洗脱氯及其烧结稳定化的试验研究

本试验以去离子水作为洗脱剂,考察了水洗前处理工艺（包括水灰比、水洗时间、水洗温度以及水洗次数）对飞灰中可溶性氯盐的洗脱效果。在此基础上对比研究了水洗工艺对飞灰烧结过程中重金属的稳定化促进效果。结果表明：在液固比为4时,水洗过程中约有93％的氯离子被洗脱而进入水相;水灰比是影响氯离子洗脱效果的最主要因素,氯离子洗脱量与水灰比的对数值呈现很好的线性关系;XRD结果证明了水洗过程中大量氯盐的洗脱以及低熔点含钙铝硅化合物的形成;同原始飞灰相比,水洗飞灰经烧结后其中的Pb、Cd、Ni的浸出浓度明显降低。800 ℃下烧结水洗飞灰可以使其中的重金属稳定化,浸出浓度均低于相应的标准限值。水洗工艺与烧结稳定化技术相结合明显降低了重金属的浸出毒性。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰的水洗脱氯与水泥固化技术

利用水洗脱氯和水泥固化对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行固化/稳定化处理,研究了液固比对焚烧飞灰中氯和重金属的脱除效果的影响,以及水泥添加量和养护时间对固化体密度、抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性的影响。结果表明：水洗过程对氯离子的脱除率为60.11-74.64%,当液固比L/S=20 mL/g时,氯离子的脱除率达到最高的74.64%,但重金属Cr、Cu、Ni 和Zn在水洗过程的脱除率都小于2%。随着水泥添加量和养护时间的增加,固化体密度和抗压强度呈逐渐增大趋势。当水洗焚烧飞灰含量为10-70%时,固化体中重金属Cr、Cu、Ni 和Zn的浸出浓度远低于GB5085.3-2007规定的浸出阈值。     

重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及其化学稳定性研究

调查分析了重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律。结果表明:飞灰的主要组成元素有Ca、Si、Al、S、K、Na、Fe、Mg、Cl等,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量大约为1%,存在较大的环境风险。采用原有国标浸出毒性鉴别方法(GB 5086.1—1997)和新国标浸出毒性鉴别方法(HJ/T299—2007),证明焚烧飞灰具有毒性;采用磷酸钠作化学稳定剂时,取得了较好的稳定效果,但仍不能满足生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准值(GB 16889—2008)的要求。     

重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及其化学稳性定研究

调查分析了重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明:飞灰的主要组成元素有Ca、Si、Al、S、K、Na、Fe、Mg、Cl等,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量大约为1%,存在较大的环境风险.采用原有国标浸出毒性鉴别方法(GB 5086.1-1997)和新国标浸出毒性鉴别方法(HJ/T 299-2007),证明焚烧飞灰具有毒性;采用磷酸钠作化学稳定剂时,取得了较好的稳定效果,但仍不能满足生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准值(GB 16889-2008)的要求.     

基于加速碳酸化法稳固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属实验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWI飞灰)与燃煤流化床锅炉飞灰(CFB飞灰)混合而成的混合飞灰中重金属进行加速碳酸化处理.研究不同碳酸化反应温度、碳酸化反应时间和初始液固比对混合飞灰中重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)浸出特性的影响,考察不同加速碳酸化参数对CO_2的固定规律.结果表明:通过调节在混合飞灰碳酸化处理中的飞灰p H值及合成一定量的Friedel相、Ettringite相等自净化矿物可以降低重金属浸出浓度.在飞灰混合比为1∶1、碳酸化温度为20℃、碳酸化时间为0.5 h的条件下,当初始液固比为0.3 m L/g时,重金属Pb的浸出浓度为0.20 mg/L;当初始液固比为0.1 m L/g时,重金属Cd浸出浓度为0.11 mg/L,Pb和Cd的浸出浓度均达到了40 CFR261.24标准.在飞灰混合比为1∶1、反应温度为20℃、碳酸化时间为24 h、初始液固比为0.5 m L/g的条件下,单位质量飞灰可固定CO_2为43.6 mg/g.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性

垃圾焚烧会产生含重金属等污染物的烟气净化系统飞灰 .根据上海浦东新区生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的重金属和溶解盐测试分析结果 ,以及国外对飞灰中二口恶口英等有机污染物的研究 ,分析了我国垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性 .研究结果表明 :按我国危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准 ,飞灰属危险废物 ;Pb ,Cd ,Hg和Zn是飞灰中的主要重金属污染元素 ;可浸出部分Cd主要以离子交换态和酸溶态形式存在 ,而Pb和Zn主要以酸溶态形式存在 ,因此在酸性环境条件下飞灰的重金属污染风险会显著增加 .飞灰溶解盐为 2 2 .1% ,主要为氯化物 ,其存在会增大其它污染物的溶解度 ;飞灰处置时可能会污染地下水体 .飞灰含少量二口恶口英和呋喃等有机污染物 ,有污染环境和危害人类健康的风险     

焚烧飞灰水泥固化体的安全性评价

通过城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化体中重金属的浸出毒性以及表面浸出毒性等研究 ,对焚烧飞灰水泥固化体的安全性进行了评价 .研究表明 ,水泥稳定固化焚烧飞灰的效果良好 ,焚烧飞灰水泥固化体在实际使用环境中 ,重金属浸出是一个非常缓慢的过程 ,其释放量远远低于国家标准规定值 ,而且 ,环境对微量有害物质还有包容和稀释的作用 ,因此焚烧飞灰水泥固化体不会对环境造成危害 .焚烧飞灰水泥固化体资源化利用是安全可行的 .     

干燥过程对大豆发芽质量及发芽率的影响

进行了大豆干燥和发芽的单因素和正交试验，分析了干燥过程对大豆发芽率的影响．单因素试验显示，热风干燥过程中，风温和初始含水率对种子的发芽率影响明显．当风温＞４２℃时，大豆发芽速度减慢，幼芽开始出现畸形，发芽率降低．当风温＞６２℃时，大豆发芽速度更慢，发芽率降低到７０％以下，幼芽畸形率达到９０％；初始含水率越低，干后种子发芽率越高．正交试验表明，风温、大豆初始含水率、干燥时间及风温与大豆初始含水率的交互作用对大豆发芽率影响高度显著     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.