Precipitation behavior of BN type inclusions in 42CrMo steel

Automobile crankshaft steel 42CrMo, which requires excellent machinability and mechanical properties, cannot be manufactured by traditional methods. To achieve these qualities, the formation behavior of boron nitride (BN) inclusions in 42CrMo steel was studied in this article. First, the precipitation temperature and the amount of BN type inclusions with different contents of boron and nitrogen in molten steel were calculated thermodynamically by FactSage software. Then the morphology and the size of BN type inclusions as well as the influence of cooling methods on them were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effects of cooling rate and the contents of B and N in molten steel on the morphology, size, and distribution of BN type inclusions were studied quantitatively and detailedly by directional solidification experiments. It is found that different BN inclusions in molten steel can form by controlling the cooling rate and the contents of B and N, which is important for obtaining the excellent machinability of 42CrMo steel.     

Superior machinability of steel enhanced with BN and MnS particles

The strategy that replacing part of MnS with BN was proposed in order to decrease the sulfur content in sulfur based free-cutting steel. The effects of BN and MnS inclusions on the microstructure and machinability of the steel were systematically investigated. The results show that most of the BN and MnS inclusions exist individually in the steel and only a small amount of them are in a composite state forming either isolated particles or clusters of particles. In the case of multi-phased steel, the theoretical calculation predicts that the volume of large BN particles should be 0.7 times of the volume of large MnS particles. The machinability of this type of BN and MnS alloy steel over a wide range of cutting speeds ranging from a low speed appropriate for drilling to a high speed appropriate for turning is confirmed as being equal to or superior to that of an MnS reference steel, even though the sulfur content in the composite steel is only half that of the MnS steel. The aptitude for cutting effect of 240 ppm nitrogen and 115 ppm boron in the composite steel is demonstrated to be equivalent or even better than 1000 ppm sulfur in MnS free-cutting steel.     

电渣重熔对42 CrMo 钢中夹杂物的影响及 CCT 曲线研究

采用BX51M型金相显微镜和和Image Pro-Plus软件研究电渣重熔后优化成分的42CrMo钢中非金属夹杂物情况,并在Gleeble3000热模拟机上测定其连续冷却相转变( CCT)曲线.研究结果表明：电渣重熔后明显减少钢中夹杂物的数目,改善钢中夹杂物的尺寸,夹杂物去除率达到71.90%;同时根据热膨胀曲线和金相组织绘制出42CrMo钢的CCT曲线,冷却速度较低时组织为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体,冷却速度较大时组织为马氏体和少量贝氏体.     

易切削钢中夹杂物及锡的形态

研制了一种新型含锡易切削钢.在锡含量小于0.05%(质量分数)时,钢材具有良好的易切削性能,其力学性能也达到了国家标准.在扫描电镜下观察了钢中夹杂物和断口的形貌,利用能谱分析了夹杂物的成分.结果表明,钢中的复合夹杂物主要由氧化物和Mns组成.多数呈球形或纺锤形,在断口及夹杂物的表面上锡明显偏析.     

淬火介质对耐磨铸钢组织和性能的影响

分别研究了以水和机油作为淬火介质的42CrMo钢和双相耐磨钢淬火+回火后的显微组织和性能.确定了双相耐磨钢和42CrMo钢的最佳热处理工艺及性能.结果表明:双相耐磨钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织均为板条马氏体+针状贝氏体+碳化物;42CrMo钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织分别为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体和回火马氏体+铁素体+贝氏体.经过480h的低应力磨料磨损实验发现,水淬+280℃回火处理的42CrMo钢耐磨性能最好,其相对耐磨性可达高锰钢的1.558倍.     

圆珠笔头用环保超易切削不锈钢的组织与性能

通过复合添加易切削元素S、Bi和Te,开发了一种圆珠笔头用新型无铅环保超易切削不锈钢,并对材料的组织和性能与同类进口材料进行了对比分析。结果表明,新研发钢中易切削相有MnS、Bi、MnTe及其所形成的复合夹杂物,夹杂物的种类、分布及力学性能与同类进口材料相似。经实际测试,该钢具有良好的切削加工性和书写使用性能,可以替代同类进口材料。     

球状稀土夹杂物改善易切削钢切削性能机制的研究

通过自行设计的高温显微切削装置,在不同温度上对含有球状稀土硫化物夹杂的易切削钢进行了高温显微切削实验,观察到球状稀土硫化物夹杂在显微孔洞扩展过程中发生滚动。通过分析认为,在切屑形成过程中,球状夹杂物在显微孔洞中的滚动是改善易切削钢切削性能的重要因素之一。     

铝含量对TWIP钢中夹杂物特征及AlN析出行为的影响

采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪以及扫描电镜配置的夹杂物自动扫描统计软件(INCAFeature)表征了Fe-Mn-C(-Al)系TWIP钢中夹杂物的成分、形貌和数量,考察了Al质量分数在0.002%~1.590%的四种TWIP钢中夹杂物的特征和Al含量对AlN析出行为的影响.并在此基础上,采用了适合TWIP钢中高锰高铝特点的热力学参数对AlN夹杂物进行了系统的热力学分析.研究表明,在含有相似N质量分数(0.0078%~0.0100%)的TWIP钢中,当钢中Al质量分数升高至0.75%时,AlN夹杂物开始在钢中析出,并在MnS(Se)-Al2O3上局部析出形成MnS(Se)-Al2O3-AlN复合夹杂;当Al质量分数升高至1.07%时,热力学计算表明AlN已经可以在TWIP钢液相中形成,经不断长大后在MnS(Se)夹杂物表面局部析出形成MnS(Se)-AlN复合夹杂物;在Al质量分数为1.59%的TWIP钢中,AlN的平衡析出温度比其液相线温度高出42 ℃,在液相中形成的AlN可以作为异质核心,MnS(Se)夹杂在其表面包裹形成MnS(Se)-AlN复合夹杂物.另外,在Fe-18.21%Mn-0.64%C-1.59%Al体系的TWIP钢中,AlN在液相中析出所需的最低氮的质量分数仅为0.0043%.因此,在TWIP钢的冶炼过程中,应尽可能的降低钢中的氮含量,避免生成过量的AlN夹杂.     

低碳含硼钢中BN的析出行为

以硼质量分数为0.0045%、氮质量分数为0.0039%的低碳含硼钢为研究对象,通过对实验钢在凝固过程中BN析出和长大的热力学与动力学进行分析,并结合实验研究了冷却条件对BN析出与长大行为的影响.结果表明：由于溶质元素B和N在凝固前沿的微观偏析,只有当凝固前沿的固相率大于临界值0.981时,BN才能在凝固前沿析出;在凝固前沿随着固相率的增加,B和N均具有明显的偏析.当固相率接近于1时,硼在剩余液相中的实际含量远高于氮元素的含量,氮的扩散是BN长大的限制性环节;钢液冷却速率的变化对B和N元素的偏析无显著影响,而生成BN的尺寸随着钢液冷速的增加而显著减小.     

渗氮/PVDTiN涂层对42CrMo钢组织和性能的影响

采用渗氮+物理沉积TiN涂层的复合表面处理技术,对42CrMo钢进行表面强化处理。通过对复合表面处理后的42CrMo钢进行显微组织观察和性能测试,结果表明4,2CrMo钢表层组织和性能分别受渗氮及PVD工艺和渗碳层与涂层界面之间的结合力影响。此外,表层组织硬度呈现明显的梯度结构,外表层TiN涂层硬度最高可达2 200 HV0.1以上,此层深度在1～3μm,而中间渗氮层硬度达756.1HV0.1,深度在10 mm左右。     

低碳高硫含锡锑复合易切削钢

对复合添加少量Sn和Sb或Sn和Bi的低碳高硫易切削钢做了切削和高温热塑性实验. 结果表明:试样在长时间的高速切削条件下刀具后刀面磨损很小,其易切削性能明显优于SAE1215钢. 含Sn和Sb的钢样在750～950℃温度范围内塑性较差,在1050～1300℃范围内具有良好的塑性. 扫描电镜及能谱分析表明:钢中Sn和Sb元素在晶界、MnS夹杂物内及MnS边界处均存在;大部分的Bi元素附着在MnS夹杂物上,一部分弥散分布在钢的基体中;钢中MnS夹杂主要呈球状和纺锤状.     

压下率对42CrMo钢塑性成形与微结构演化的影响

以热物理模拟试验为基础,得到42CrMo钢发生动态再结晶的数学模型.采用热力耦合的弹塑性有限元法对42CrMo钢圆柱试样在形变温度为1 050℃、应变速率为0.1 s-1的热变形过程进行数值模拟,讨论该热变形过程中压下率对42CrMo钢试样应力/应变分布情况与微结构演化规律的影响.模拟结果表明:在热变形过程中,试样各部位变形不均匀,试样心部的等效应变最大,且变形不均匀性随着压下率增加先增大,然后趋于稳定;试样各部位的等效应力分布不均匀,其最大值一般位于心部大变形区与自由变形区和粘着区的交界处,平均等效应力在压下率约为20%时达到峰值;由于变形的不均匀性导致了动态再结晶的不等时性,动态再结晶首先发生在心部大变形区,然后,向自由变形区和粘着区延伸,而且该条件下动态再结晶临界应变约为20%;试样心部等大变形区的动态再结晶晶粒较细,而粘着区等小变形区的动态再结晶晶粒较粗大,随着压下率的增大,动态再结晶晶粒继续长大.     

非调质钢中钛氧化物冶金行为

通过热力学计算及实验,研究了含钛汽车用非调质钢在液态和凝固过程中含钛夹杂物的析出规律.研究表明,通过调整非调质钢中O,Al和Ti的含量,可以控制夹杂的形态和尺寸,从而得到细小、弥散非金属夹杂物作为针状铁素体的形核核心,细化钢的组织,提高钢的强度和韧性.     

Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets

Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free(IF) steel deteriorate the properties of the steel. To decrease the defects of cold-rolled sheet, it is important to clearly distinguish between the degrees of damage caused by these two inclusions on the surface quality of the steel. In this study, a nanoindenter was used to test the mechanical properties of the inclusions, and the distribution and size of the inclusions were obtained by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It was found that when only mechanical properties are considered, TiN inclusions are more likely to cause defects than Al_2O_3 inclusions of the same size during the rolling process. However, Al_2O_3 inclusions are generally more inclined to cause defects in the rolling process than TiN inclusions because of their distribution characteristic in the thickness direction. The precipitation of Al_2O_3 and TiN was obtained through thermodynamical calculations. The growth laws of inclusions at different cooling rates were calculated by solidification and segregation models. The results show that the precipitation regularity is closely related to the distribution law of the inclusions in IF slabs along the thickness direction.     

6DF1曲轴断裂失效原因分析

采用断口形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相检验和力学性能测试等方法,对42CrMo钢6DF1曲轴使用过程中发生断裂失效的原因进行研究。结果表明,该曲轴的断裂位置发生在连杆轴颈处,断裂系由疲劳引起,在疲劳裂纹源附近存在的成分偏析是曲轴发生疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

Modification of MgO·Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment

The modification of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment has been studied by industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations. In the industrial trials, samples were taken systematically during the refining process in which the molten steel was treated by calcium, and the characters of the inclusions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The effects of Ca-treatment were evaluated by tracking the compositions of the inclusions. The results show that the modification of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel inclusions by Ca-treatment is effective and the transformation sequence of the inclusions during the refining is Al₂O₃→MgO·Al₂O₃→liquid complex inclusions. The modification of spinel inclusions by Ca-treatment was calculated by FactSage6.0 utilizing its free-energy minimization routines. The results of thermodynamic calculations indicate that spinel inclusions are easier to be modified than Al₂O₃ inclusions and the spinel inclusions in 30CrMo steel would transform to liquid complex inclusions when the content of dissolved Ca in the molten steel exceeds 1×10⁻⁶. Also, the results show that adding more calcium into the molten steel would lower the contents of Al₂O₃ and MgO and increase the CaO content of the inclusions, while the change in SiO₂ content is little.     

低碳低硅SPHC钢精炼渣优化研究

为改善SPHC钢LF精炼效果,本研究首先利用FactSage热力学计算软件,分析了SPHC钢LF精炼渣系的理化特性,提出相应的精炼渣优化方案,并进行了工业实验验证.研究结果显示,通过对LF精炼渣系的优化,出站时钢中全氧T[ O]由优化前的24×10-6下降至优化后的20×10-6,显微夹杂物总数去除率由优化前的56.57%增加至优化后的71.54%,大型夹杂物数量也由原来的85.42 mg/10 kg下降至42.45 mg/10 kg.     

YF45V(CaS)钢切削加工性及易切机理

通过诸项切削加工性对比实验证实。易切削非调质钢YF45V(CaS)比45钢正火态与调质态的切削性能均优越。这主要是易切型夹杂物在切削中起着应力集中源。包裹润滑及覆盖膜等作用。     

42CrMo钢齿轮轴开裂原因分析

对42CrMo钢齿轮轴调质处理后出现的纵向裂纹进行了较详尽的分析,确定其开裂原因主要是由于锻造温度过高、时间过长,在晶界处发生了选择性氧化而导致晶界脆化所引起的。     

42CrMo钢激光冲击诱导残余应力的数值模拟

42Cr Mo钢具有较高的强度和韧性,被广泛应用于装备制造行业。本文以42Cr Mo钢为研究对象,在理论分析的基础上,运用ABAQUS数值模拟的方法,探讨了在相同激光能量(4J)和脉冲宽度(8ns)情况下,不同光斑直径(1mm、2mm、3mm、4mm)对激光冲击强化后残余应力分布的影响。结果表明:光斑直径越小,激光诱导冲击波的峰值压力越大,塑性强化层深度越深,表面的最大Von Mises应力值越大;光斑直径过大或者激光诱导冲击波的峰值压力过大,均会影响残余应力的分布;本文的数值模拟条件下,2mm直径的光斑,激光冲击效果最好,与理论分析结果一致。