金属陶瓷惰性阳极压坯的热脱脂工艺

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和NiFe2O4/Ni型金属陶瓷压坯为对象,采用热重分析(TGA)研究PVA在N2气氛中的热脱脂行为,建立PVA热脱脂速率的数学模型,在此基础上,模拟并计算PVA分解产物气体在多孔粉末压坯内的压力构建情况;结合粉末压坯脱脂强度测试结果,分析粉末压坯在脱脂过程中压坯尺寸、粘结剂含量等因素对升温速率和脱脂时间的影响,获得不同半径尺寸压坯的极限升温速率.运用所得方法和所得极限升温速率结果进行脱脂实验升温制度设计,实现了压坯直径D＝0.12 m,压坯厚度e＝0.12 m的NiFe2O4/Ni惰性阳极大型压坯的无缺陷热脱脂.     

粉末注射成形蜡基粘结剂溶剂脱脂行为

以YG8硬质合金为实验对象,研究了蜡基粘结剂注射成形生坯的溶剂脱脂行为,考察了时间、温度、生坯形状、厚度、表面积、粉末装载量和液固比对脱脂速率的影响,分析了各因素影响脱脂速率的原因.研究结果表明溶剂脱脂速率随温度升高而升高,随时间的延长而降低;脱脂初期扩散是控制性环节,温度是影响脱脂速率的主要因素,脱脂后期溶解成为控制性环节,浓度差成为影响脱脂速率的主要因素;液固比越大,则脱脂速率越快,粘结剂最高脱除率越高;生坯粉末装载量越高,则脱脂速率越慢,粘结剂最高脱除率越低;生坯形状对脱脂速率影响的本质是生坯厚度和表面积的影响;脱脂速率与生坯表面积成正比,与生坯厚度的平方成反比.     

PMMA在MIM后续热脱脂过程中的分解行为

金属粉末注射成形 (MIM)粘结剂中高分子物质的分解和排除是一个较缓慢的过程 ,对这一过程进行理论研究 ,有助于指导粘结剂的设计和脱脂过程优化 .为此 ,当Fe 2Ni粉末的注射成形坯经充分溶剂脱脂后 ,用热重法对坯块中的PMMA的热分解行为进行了理论研究和实验验证 .假设进行一级反应 ,根据各种升温速率的热重计算结果 ,得到了喂料中PMMA热分解反应速率的理论计算表达式 :ln(1-α) =1 33× 10 9t·exp(- 1479/T) ;对厚度为 6 .37mm的注射坯充分溶剂脱脂后 ,验证了坯块中PMMA分解速率 ,发现在 35 0℃和 40 0℃时等温脱脂的速率与理论值较接近 ,但低于理论值 ;经过优化 ,对 6 .37mm厚的注射坯 ,采取 5～ 10℃ /min的升温速度升温 ,可在 2h内完成热脱脂过程     

脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧特性及几种动力学模型结果比较

利用热重分析仪在空气气氛和不同升温速率下对脱脂餐厨垃圾进行了热重实验.依据热重实验数据,采用4种热分析动力学方法(Coats-Redfern法、Doyle法、Friedman法和分布活化能模型(DAEM)),计算脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧反应活化能E、反应级数n及频率因子A,并进行比较.结果表明:采用不同的动力学分析处理方法,得出的燃烧动力学参数不同.利用Coats-Redfern法,脱脂餐厨垃圾在燃烧主要阶段(转化率5%~95%)可由一段二级反应过程描述,升温速率30℃/min时活化能为70.9 k J/mol.Doyle法和分布活化能模型计算得到的活化能比较接近,Friedman法计算得到的活化能数值最高.脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧包含分子键能断裂的一系列复杂、连续反应过程,并获得脱脂餐厨垃圾的燃烧反应活化能随转化率的变化曲线.     

胜利油田含油污泥的燃烧特性分析

依据胜利油田含油污泥的自身性质,以含油污泥的热重试验为基础,对比分析了含油污泥燃烧与热解的热重曲线,采用热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法确定了不同升温速率条件下的着火温度和燃尽温度,利用Coats-Redfern积分法求解含油污泥的指前因子和表观活化能,并进一步分析升温速率对含油污泥燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着升温速率增加,燃烧速率、着火温度和燃尽温度不断提高,含油污泥的指前因子和表观活化能有所增大.     

流动温压成型铁基粉末冶金复杂件的脱脂工艺

使用水雾化铁粉等原料制备十字形试样,对脱脂工艺、微观组织进行了分析,得到的理想脱脂工艺为:先以较快的速率升温到160℃,然后以1℃.min-1的速率升温到300℃,保温0.5h,再以1.5℃.min-1的速率升温到450℃,保温0.5h.烧结在1300℃进行.实验结果表明,通过优化脱脂工艺,使用流动温压工艺,可以制备出成本低廉、形状复杂的结构件.     

凝胶注模制备的铝铜坯体脱脂过程及动力学

通过凝胶注模工艺,采用非水基凝胶体系,成功地制备铝铜坯体.通过扫描电镜观察脱脂前聚合物完全包裹粉末颗粒,脱脂后金属坯体中聚合物完全脱除.通过反应机理得出聚合物三维网络结构的化学式.采用热分析手段、热重和红外连用系统分析金属坯体的脱脂过程,根据Coats-Redfern方法对非等温热失重率曲线的数据进行动力学研究,建立动力学方程.在不同的升温速率下聚合物脱脂反应级数为1,活化能在79.86～ 108.63 kJ ·mol-1范围内,指前因子反应指数在106-107min-1,活化能的结果表明反应对温度和动力学比较敏感.脱脂主要分为两个阶段,在240～ 350℃主要是聚合物链段的分解,在350～ 470℃主要是聚合物网状结构的解聚和解交联反应,同时脱脂阶段主要产生CO2、CO、NO2和H2O挥发性气体.     

注射成形AlN高导热陶瓷蜡基粘结剂

研究并开发了一种适合于AlN陶瓷注射成形的蜡基多聚合物粘结剂 .通过理论计算分析了所用粘结剂组元的热力学相容性 ,利用毛细管流变仪测量了喂料的流变性能 ,通过热重分析方法研究了粘结剂的热分解行为 ,有效地指导了脱脂工艺的设计 ,并通过考察不同温度下的脱脂形貌研究了脱脂工艺的合理性 .研究结果表明 :当粉末装载量为 6 1%时 (体积分数 ) ,该粘结剂体系和粉末能够均匀、顺利地混合 ,喂料的流变因子范围为 0 .70～ 0 .76 (15 0℃ ) ,体现出典型的假塑性流体特征并具有良好的注射性能 ;喂料有一定的温敏性 ,但是对注射压力的变化不敏感 ,最佳注射温度范围为 15 0～ 16 0℃ ;该多聚合物粘结剂在脱脂过程中能够起到优良的形状维持作用 ,对于厚度在 8mm的AlN零件 ,热脱脂总时间为 6 0h左右 ;该粘结剂体系是一种性能优异、适合于AlN陶瓷注射成形的粘结剂 .     

微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应研究

采用微波加热和常规加热对锰矿粉的碳热还原反应进行了研究.利用热重分析仪研究温度、粒度和碳氧原子摩尔数比等因素对微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应速率的影响,并通过拟合得到碳热还原反应过程动力学方程,进而得到微波加热相对于常规加热碳热还原的速率增加因子Q.实验结果表明:在微波加热时,随着碳氧原子摩尔数比的升高,物料升温速率随之提高;同时,反应前期升温速率较大,随着反应的进行,升温速率逐渐降低.提高碳氧原子摩尔数比和温度,微波加热碳热还原反应速率加快.减小粒度可以提高反应速率,但当粒度减小到150目时,进一步减小粒度后,反应速率不会有明显的提高.相同的温度和保温时间下,微波加热失重率远大于常规加热,微波加热的促进作用在低温和低温反应后期更为显著.     

注射成形AIN高导热陶瓷蜡基粘结剂

研究并开发了一种适合于AIN陶瓷注射成形的蜡基多聚合物粘结剂.通过理论计算分析了所用粘结剂组元的热力学相容性,利用毛细管流变仪测量了喂料的流变性能,通过热重分析方法研究了粘结剂的热分解行为,有效地指导了脱脂工艺的设计,并通过考察不同温度下的脱脂形貌研究了脱脂工艺的合理性.研究结果表明当粉末装载量为61%时(体积分数),该粘结剂体系和粉末能够均匀、顺利地混合,喂料的流变因子范围为0.70～0.76(150℃),体现出典型的假塑性流体特征并具有良好的注射性能;喂料有一定的温敏性,但是对注射压力的变化不敏感,最佳注射温度范围为150～160℃;该多聚合物粘结剂在脱脂过程中能够起到优良的形状维持作用,对于厚度在8m的AIN零件,热脱脂总时间为60h左右;该粘结剂体系是一种性能优异、适合于AIN陶瓷注射成形的粘结剂.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to