咪唑类离子液体的微波水浴合成及性能研究

以N-甲基咪唑、氯代正丁烷、KPF6及NaBF4等为原料,分别在微波和水浴2种加热条件下利用二步法合成出2种咪唑类离子液体[BMIM]PF6和[BMIM]BF4。比较了2种方法在中间体合成及阴离子置换中的优势和劣势,并利用IR,TGA和LSV等方法表征了所得离子液体的结构特征及电化学性能。结果表明,2种方法所合成的离子液体在物化性质上无明显差异。微波法在合成中间体时可显著缩短反应时间,产率可达90%以上;水浴加热法则更有利于阴离子置换。故采用微波法与水浴加热法相结合的方式合成离子液体可收到良好的效果。     

烷基咪唑类离子液体的合成及其性质

以N甲基咪唑和溴代烷烃为原料,通过微波法合成了6种离子液体1烷基3甲基咪唑类溴盐:1正丙基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nPmim]Br)、1异丙基3甲基咪唑溴盐([iPmim]Br)、1正丁基3甲基咪唑溴盐[nBmim]Br)、1仲丁基3甲基咪唑溴盐([sB mim]Br)、1正戊基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nAmim]Br)、1正己基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nHmim]Br).然后以 [nBmim]Br为中间体,经过阴离子交换得到1正丁基3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([nBmim]BF4).在25℃时测定了7种离子液体的密度,结果表明:含有相同阴离子的离子液体密度随着阳离子烷基链长度的增加而减小;含有相同阳离子的离子液体,阴离子体积越大,密度越高.通过循环伏安法测定了[nBmim]Br和[nBmim]BF4的电化学窗口,分别为2.0V和3.4V.[nBmim]BF4的DSC曲线表明,其只有玻璃化温度(-95℃),而没有结晶温度和熔点.     

微波及超声波辅助合成溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑

用溴代正丁烷与N-甲基咪唑,在微波辐射和超声波协同作用下合成离子液体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,通过正交试验设计方法考察实验条件最高温度,合成反应时间,微波功率和超声波功率对合成产率的影响,优选得到最佳的合成所需要的实验条件:超声波功率100 W、微波功率400W、反应时间60min和最高温度60℃.溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑的结构通过红外光谱进行表征.在超声波和微波的协调作用下,此反应具有合成反应所需时间短,合成产物产率高,实验操作过程简便等优点.     

烷基咪唑类离子液体的合成与表征

采用绿色化学合成法,以N-丁基咪唑和1,2-二甲基咪唑为反应原料,碳酸酯为烷基化试剂,合成了2种离子液体的中间体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑碳酸甲酯盐([n-BMIM]OCO2Me)和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑碳酸乙酯盐([EMMIM]OCO2Et),然后通过与HBF4及HPF6的反应,得到4种离子液体:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([n-BMIM]BF4)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([n-BMIM]PF6)、1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMMIM]BF4)和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([EMMIM]PF6).产物结构经FT-IR, 1H-NMR和质谱分析确认.最后通过差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测定6种离子液体的结晶温度或熔点.     

离子液体中微波辅助2-(1-咪唑基)乙酸酯的合成

以离子液体[bmim]BF4为溶剂,以咪唑和氯乙酸酯为原料微波辅助合成了6种2-(1-咪唑基)乙酸酯类物质.该方法具有反应时间短、收率高、普适性好等特点.产物经1H NMR、13C NMR进行了表征.     

烷基咪唑卤化物微波辅助合成研究

以N-甲基咪唑为原料,采用无溶剂微波辐射方法合成两种烷基咪唑卤化物离子液体,探讨反应时间、原料配比及微波功率对反应产率的影响。结果表明,不同卤代烷的反应活性不同,所需要的微波功率和反应时间有明显差异,微波功率为200 W,微波辐射反应时间5 min,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物产率达到94.6%。微波功率为300 W,微波辐射反应时间20 min,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物产率为82.1%。     

溴化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑的微波辅助合成及工业化方案研究

以溴代正丁烷与N-甲基咪唑为原料,利用微波辅助合成了咪唑类离子液体溴化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑([BMIm]Br),并用红外光谱对[BMIm]Br进行了结构表征.运用单因素实验研究了反应条件对合成过程的影响,并从工业应用角度得出了微波辅助合成[BMIm]Br的最优化条件:物料比(物质的量比)为1∶1.3、时间为5min、功率为500W、温度为100℃.产率高达97.2%.通过模拟工业实验验证了间歇法和连续法两种工艺的可行性.     

离子液体[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]PF_6的合成及其物化性质研究

采用超声波辅助法合成离子液体1–丁基–3–甲基咪唑溴盐([Bmim]Br)和1–丁基–3–甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim]PF6),研究了超声处理时间、超声频率和原料物质的量比对[Bmim]Br产率的影响,以及超声处理时间、超声频率和溶剂与[Bmim]Br的质量比对[Bmim]PF6产率的影响.结果表明:超声处理时间、超声频率、原料溴代正丁烷与N–甲基咪唑物质的量比分别为50,min、20,Hz、1.1时,[Bmim]Br产率可达到98.88%;在超声处理时间、超声频率、溶剂与[Bmim]Br的质量比分别为50,min、20,Hz和1.5时,[Bmim]PF6产率可达到86.54%.采用红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱和核磁共振氢谱对[Bmim]Br进行结构表征,同时采用对比法,利用红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱对[Bmim]PF6进行表征,并分别测定了[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]PF6的含水量及其在10~30,℃下的密度和折光率与温度的关系.     

离子液体[Bmim]Cl的微波合成及影响因素

以1-甲基咪唑及氯代正丁烷为原料,采用无溶剂微波合成的方法,合成离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯代盐([Bmim]Cl),并对最优合成条件进行了探究。结果表明,在微波功率550 W,反应时间50 min,反应温度100℃,1-甲基咪唑与氯代正丁烷摩尔比1∶1.1的条件下,离子液体的产率高达85.22%。与传统的有机合成方法相比,本研究反应条件易于实现,无需惰性气体保护,大幅度缩短了反应时间,对用微波技术制备其它咪唑类离子液体具有一定的指导意义。     

[bmim]BF4离子液体的制备及其催化酯化反应研究

本文采用一步环合法合成了N-甲基咪唑,再由N-甲基咪唑和溴代正丁烷合成了中间体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,中间体再经过离子交换得到1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[bmim]BF4）离子液体．在该离子液体介质中,氯苄和乙酸钠反应高效合成了乙酸苄酯．结果表明：以[bmim]BF4为溶剂和催化剂乙酸钠与苄氯的摩尔比为1．4：1,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2．5h,氯苄转化率可达95％．而且产物易于分离,离子液体可重复使用．中间体和产物结构经Fr—IR表征．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.