流化床水煤气汽化炉特性研究

按间歇法工作的流化床水煤气炉是一种新的汽化技术，它是我国自行发明的专利技术，已经历多年的工业运行。本文详细阐述了该炉的工艺的过程，指出其与固定床水煤气汽化炉相比的三个特点：①整个床层温度均匀，温度变化亦均匀，②炉出口温度较高，利用煤气中的焦油、酚类裂解；③自动连续的加煤方式。该炉使用非粘性煤和粘结性煤长期连续工为业运行的结果表明，可使用各种粉煤，特别是贫煤、烟煤、褐煤，生产中热值煤气，煤气中ＣＯ含     

沸腾床水煤气气化炉在化肥生产上的应用

研制一种按间歇法工作的沸腾床水煤气气化炉．该炉不用制氧设备，可使用各种粉煤生产水煤气，其工艺流程和固定床水煤气气化炉基本相同，完全可以替代固定床气化炉，特别适用于我国中、小型化肥厂的技术改造．     

沸腾床水煤气气化炉在化肥生产上的应用

研制一种按间歇法工作沸腾床水煤气气化炉。该炉不用制氧设备，可使用各种粉煤生产水煤气，其工艺流程和固定床水煤气气化炉基本相 同，完全可以替代固定床气化炉，特别适用于我国中，小型化肥厂的技术改造。     

煤的太阳能连续低温干馏炉

提出了一种新型的太阳能连续低温干馏炉．通过干馏炉的结构设计，干馏时间的估算以及各种干用方法的比较，论述了该炉具有干留时间短、节省能源和无任何污染等优点，并能把太阳能转化为焦油和煤气的化学能储藏起来；指出了太阳能在煤转化领域中应用的方向．     

煤的太阳能连续低温干馏炉

提出了一种新型的太阳能连续低温干馏炉。通过干馏炉的结构设计，干馏时间的估算以及各种干馏方法的比较，论述了该炉具有干留时间短、节省能源和无任何污染等优点，并能把太阳能转化为焦油和煤气的化学能储藏起来；指出了太阳能在煤转化领域中应用的方向。     

管式炉出口温度自动调节

介绍煤化工里煤焦油蒸馏生产加工过程中,煤焦油煤气加热管式炉的焦油出口温度受煤气压力波动影响,难于控制管式炉焦油出口恒定加热的效果,通过对煤气加热管式炉的煤气压力和出口温度的自动化串级调节,从而实现自动调节     

煤无焦油气化的实验研究

根据上吸式和下吸式气化炉特性,设计开发了喉口型双氧化层煤无焦油气化炉,并在煤无焦油气化炉实验装置上进行了煤无焦油的气化实验研究,考察了气化炉操作参数对主要气化指标的影响.结果表明,喉口型双氧化层气化炉内气化状态良好,出炉煤气中焦油含量大大降低,煤气热值明显提高,煤气中焦油含量最低仅为10 mg/m3,煤气热值高达6 466.9 kJ/m3,完全满足各种燃烧器和加热工艺要求,实现了煤无焦油气化;操作参数对气化指标的影响本质上是通过改变气化温度来实现的,气化温度的提高促进了焦油的裂解反应,从而提高了气化煤气中CO和H2的含量,降低了煤气中CO2和焦油的含量,使煤气热值升高.     

云南三种褐煤固体热载体新法干馏实验研究

云南三种褐煤样在１０ｋｇ／ｈ固体热载体新法干馏连续试验装置上进行了研究。煤样粒度＜２．５ｍｍ，煤样经过干燥并预热到１００－１２０℃，热载体粉焦温度为６００－７２０℃，干馏时粉焦与原料煤混合比为３－５，燃烧用空气预热温度为３５０℃，干馏温度范围５００－６５０℃。干馏焦油产率４－１４％，粗汽油产率 ０．５－０．８％，煤气产率 ９０－１９０ｄｍ３／ｋｇ，为中热值煤气，可作城市煤气用，半焦反应性好，可作无烟燃料。此工艺方法简单，投资省，生产费低。     

一种生物质与煤混合流化床气化方法及其装置

江苏大学的“一种生物质与煤混合流化床气化方法及其装置”被授予发明专利．该发明涉及能源设备，是一种无焦油产生，且工艺简单，能生产高热值煤气的生物质和煤混合的气化方法及其装置．以生物质、煤两种物质为气化原料，流化床气化炉采用供风燃烧和供蒸汽气化的间歇工作；在供风燃烧阶段，煤和风供入炉内，使气化炉的煤料在流化状态下燃烧，放出热量；在气化阶段，向气化炉供入水蒸气和生物质，使高温碳料层在流化状态下发生水煤气反应、生物质在高温下干馏热解气化反应，所产生的高热值煤气经降温除尘处理后进入煤气净化系统；突出了生物质挥发分高，固定碳少，易于高温干馏热解，而煤固定碳高，灰熔点高，易于燃烧形成高温料层的优点，通过两者有机地融合可生产出不含焦油的高热值的燃料气．     

煤加压低温热解制取焦油和煤气特性

为了提高煤在分级转化中的高效洁净利用,建立了煤加压热解实验系统.以陕西黑龙沟煤为对象,研究了不同温度(500~700℃)、压力(0.1~0.5 MPa)、气氛(N2与煤气)、粒径(0~3mm与0~6 mm)对低温热解焦油、煤气产率和品质的影响规律.结果表明,随着温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,在温度为600℃时达到最高,煤气产率逐渐增加.随着压力的增加,焦油产率在N2气氛下降低,煤气气氛下升高;而热解煤气产率在N2气氛下升高,煤气气氛下降低;大颗粒煤热解焦油产率高于小颗粒煤的热解产率,但当压力达到0.5 MPa时,热解焦油与煤气产率几乎不受粒径影响.升高压力虽降低了热解煤气中CO与H2的含量,但促进更多轻质碳氢化合物(如CO2,CH4,C2H4,C2H6)的析出,因此提高了热解煤气热值,同时煤焦油品质也因焦油中苯、甲苯、苯酚及萘的实际收率增加而提高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-