Formation and distribution of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection in the presence of bromide ion

The influences of contact time and pH value on the formation and distribution of four species of trihalomethanes and five species of haloacetic acids during chlorination in the presence of bromine were investigated. Results showed that the distribution of molar fraction of trihalomethanes varied with contact time due to the change of bromide ion concentration during chlorination. Most of the trihalomethanes comprising bromine-containing species and the favored products of the haloacetic acids were chlorine-containing species after 24 h of chlorination. The extent of bromine incorporation in trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids both decreased with time. The contact time also had influence on the formation rate of different species of haloacetic acids, The formation and distribution of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids strongly depended on the chlorination pH value. All of the trihalomethanes species formation increased with the increase of pH value except the bromoform that had not been detected, The molar fraction of bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane containing bromine increased with pH value while chloroform without bromine decreased. Under the pH range studied in this experiment, the predominant haloacetic acids species were trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid which all decreased with the increase of pH value and the level of TCAA was higher than that of DCAA.     

Shape control technology during electrochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes were prepared by adding gold precursor (HAuCl₄) to an electrolyzed aqueous solution of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and KNO₃, which indicates the good reducing capacity of the PVP-containing solution after being treated by electrolysis. Using a catholyte and an anolyte as the reducing agents for HAuCl₄, respectively, most gold nanoparticles were spherical particles in the former case but plate-like particles in the latter case. The change in the pH value of electrolytes caused by the electrolysis of water would be the origin of the differences in shape and morphology of gold nanoparticles. A hypothesis of the H+ or OH? catalyzed PVP degradation mechanism was proposed to interpret why the pH value played a key role in determining the shape or morphology of gold nanoparticles. These experiments open up a new method for effectively controlling the shape and morphology of metal nanoparticles by using electrochemical methods.     

Selective Condensation Reaction of Phenol Using A Micromixer

1 Results Bisphenol-F,which is synthesized by the acid catalyzed condensation reaction of phenols and form aldehyde is a useful raw material of epoxy resins having superior heat resistance and low viscosity. The commodity bisphenol,however,includes high molecular weight compounds,which are derived from tris-phenols and other highly condensed compounds.Such contaminants impair largely the feature of low viscosity which the bisphenol-F epoxy resin has.To overcome this problem,the molar ratio of phenol/formaldehyde should be kept at the extremely higher value such as 30 in the current production process of general-grade bisphenol F (purity 90%-94%).This value corresponds to 15 times larger than that of theoretical molar ratio.It causes some problems such as the surplus expenses for recovering the excessive unchanged phenols and decrease of productivity,etc.Therefore,it is strongly needed to develop an efficient and environmentally benign production method with much higher selectivity of the bis-phenols using theoretical molar ratio of reactants.     

Synthesis and characterization of ceria nanoparticles by complex-precipitation route

Ceria(CeO₂)nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a simple complex-precipitation route that employs cerium chloride as cerium source and citric acid as precipitant.The elemental analysis results of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and cerium in the precursors were calculated,and the results revealed that the precursors were composed of Ce(OH)₃,Ce(H₂Cit)₃,or CeCit.X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all ceria nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure.With the molar ratio of citric acid to Ce³+(n)of 0.25 and pH of 5.5,the specific surface area of the sample reached the maximum value of 83.17 m²/g.Ceria nanoparticles were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Selected area electron diffraction patterns of several samples were obtained by transmission electron microscopy,and the crystal plane spacing of each low-exponent crystal plane was calculated.The ultraviolet(UV)–visible transmittance curve showed that ceria can absorb UV light and pass through visible light.Among all samples,the minimum average transmittance of ultraviolet radiation a(UVA)was 4.42%,and that of ultraviolet radiation b(UVB)was 1.56%.     

Simulation and optimization for synthetic technology of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol based on back-propagation neural network

Back-propagation neural network was applied to predict and optimize the synthetic technology of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol. A model was established based on back-propagation neural network using the experimental data of homogeneous design as the training sample set and the technological parameters were optimized by it. The optimal technological parameters are as follows： the reaction time is 4h, the reaction temperature is 80℃, the molar ratio of NaOH to 4,6-dinitro-1,2,3-trichlorobenzene is 5.5：1, the molar ratio of methanol to 4,6-dinitro-1,2,3- trichlorobenzene is 11：1, and the molar ratio of water to 4,6-dinitro-1,2,3-trichlorobenzene is 70：1. Under the optimal conditions, three groups of experiments were performed and the average yield of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol is 96.64%, the absolute error of it with the predicted value is -1.07%.     

Characterization of mechanothermally processed nanostructured ZnO

In this paper, the Taguchi method with an L₉(34) orthogonal array was used as experimental design to determine the optimum conditions for preparing ZnO nanoparticles via a mechanothermal route. ZnSO₄·H₂O and Na₂CO₃ were used as starting materials. The effects of milling time, Na₂CO₃/ZnSO₄·H₂O molar ratio, and ball-to-powder mass ratio (BPR) on the bandgap (E_g) of ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. The ranges of the investigated experimental conditions were 5–15 h for the milling time (t), 1.0–1.2 for the Na₂CO₃/ZnSO₄·H₂O molar ratio (M), and 10–30 for BPR. The milling time and BPR exhibited significant effects; an increase in milling time reduced the bandgap. The optimum conditions from this study were t₃ = 15 h, M₁ = 1, and BPR₂ = 20. Only two significant factors (t₃, 15 h; BPR₂, 20) were used to estimate the performance at the optimum conditions. The calculated bandgap was 3.12 eV, in reasonable agreement with the experimental results obtained under the optimized conditions.     

Microwave hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of rare-earth stannate nanoparticles

Rare-earth stannate (Ln₂Sn₂O₇ (Ln=Y, La-Lu)) nanocrystals with an average diameter of 50 nm were prepared through a facile microwave hydrothermal method at 200℃ within 60 min. The products were well characterized. The effect of reaction parameters such as temperature, reaction time, pH value, and alkali source on the preparation was investigated. The results revealed that the pH value plays an important role in the formation process of gadolinium stannate (Gd₂Sn₂O₇) nanoparticles. By contrast, the alkali source had no effect on the phase composition or morphology of the final product. Uniform and sphere-like nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 50 nm were obtained at the pH value of 11.5. A possible formation mechanism was briefly proposed. Gd₂Sn₂O₇:Eu3+ nanoparticles displayed strong orange-red emission. Magnetic measurements revealed that Gd₂Sn₂O₇ nanoparticles were paramagnetic. The other rare-earth stannate Ln₂Sn₂O₇ (Ln=Y, La-Lu) nanocrystals were prepared by similar approaches.     

The Influence of Transmutation Conditions on the Adulteration Performance of Nano—scale Nickel Hydroxide

Spherical Nano-scale nickel hydroxide was prepared through precipitaition transmutation method by controlling the transmutation conditions in this paper.The measurement results of XRD and TEM indicate that the crystallization of the nano-Scale nickel hydroxide is β-style and its shape is spherical with a diameter of 40-70 nanometer.The adulteration experiment shows that the adulteration ratio of nono-scale Ni(OH)2 in common spherical micrometer-scale Ni(OH)2 exists a optimal value(1:9) And at this point,the utilization ratio of Ni(OH)2 in electrodes can be raised by 10%,and the nono-Scale nickel hydroxide with sphericity shape shows a better adulteration performance than that with needle shapge.     

Formation of highly crystalline maghemite nanoparticles from ferrihydrite in the liquid phase

Fe5O7（OH）·4H2O ferrihydrite is a low-crystal- linity antiferromagnetic material, γ-Fe2O3 （maghemite） magnetic nanoparticles were prepared from a ferrihydrite precursor, by chemically induced transformation in FeCl2/ NaOH solution. The magnetization, morphology, crystal structure and chemical composition of the products were determined by vibrating sample magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Ferrihydrite underwent aggregation growth and transformed into α-FeO（OH） （goethite） particles, which subsequently transformed into γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, that became coated with NaCI. The γ-Fe2O3 particles had a flake-like morphology, when prepared from 0.01 mol/L FeCl2 and a FeCl2：NaOH molar ratio of 0.4. The γ-Fe2O3 particles were more spherical, when prepared from a FeCl2：NaOH molar ratio of 0.6. The Fe content of the flake-like particles was lower than that of the spherical particles. Their magnetizations were similar, and the coercivity of the flake-like particles was larger. The differences in morphology and magnetization were attributed to the surface effect, and the difference in coercivity to the shape effect.     

New Synthesis of Pt-Ru Nanoparticles on Surface Modified Carbon Vulcane XC-72 as an Effective Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

1 Results Pt-Ru nanoparticles are synthesised on the surface oxidized carbon Vulcane XC-72 as catalyst support by chemically anchoring Pt and Ru onto the surface of modified carbon vulcane XC-72 (by refluxing in 70% HNO3 at 120 ℃ for 12 h to introduce surface functional groups) .The nanoparticles of Pt and Ru are synthesized by reduction of H2PtCl6 and K4Ru(CN)6 with sodium borohydride in a 5.5 buffer solution of sodium citrate,the complexation of citrate with metal ions is beneficial to the formation of nanoparticles.The electro-oxidation of liquid methanol as a thin layer of this catalyst on glassy carbon electrode is investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry.The results demonstrate that the prepared catalyst is more active than ordinarily carbon-supported Pt and Pt-Ru catalysts[1,2].TEM images and SEM are also carried out.     

纺锤形纳米羟基磷灰石的制备及其对重金属离子的脱除性能

以立方纳米碳酸钙为模板,通过离子交换法,制备得到了纺锤形纳米羟基磷灰石（HAP）。考察了反应温度、pH值等因素对颗粒制备的影响,得到的较优工艺条件为：在pH=10,反应温度60℃,反应4h的条件下,可制备出纺锤形纳米HAP。所制备的样品由HAP晶须排列构成,粒径在150~200nm,形貌良好且分散均一。纺锤形纳米HAP的重金属Pb²⁺脱除实验结果表明,随着pH值的降低和脱除温度的升高,Pb²⁺的脱除率增加,较优的脱除条件为pH<2.5、脱除温度40℃、搅拌时间60min。在此条件下,Pb²⁺脱除率大于99.7%。     

微乳法制备纳米硅酸钙

利用溶剂热的方法,在阳离子表面活性剂CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化胺)的存在下,制备出了不同形貌的硅酸钙纳米晶粒.通过改变水与表面活性剂的浓度的比值,发现对产物硅酸钙形貌的控制有着重要的影响,并对硅酸钙的生成机理做了初步的探讨,认为水与表面活性剂的浓度比值在反应物的浓度逐渐增大时,胶团的内部有更多的反应物聚集,使产物尺寸变大,促进了产物的晶化,易形成棒状的结构;反之,易得到球形的纳米晶.     

生物模板法制备纳米氧化镍

采用溶胶-凝胶法结合生物模板法制备纳米氧化镍。通过x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等表征手段研究热处理温度、热处理时间、不同材料配比对产物形貌、粒径的影响。结果表明：反应配比[n（Ni2＋）／n（柠檬酸）]为1：1,焙烧温度为500℃,焙烧时间为2h,在此条件下得到了呈球形,分散性好,纯度高的立方晶系的纳米氧化镍。     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮修饰六氰合铁酸钴纳米粒子的制备

用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为稳定剂在水溶液中合成了普鲁士蓝类化合物六氰合铁酸钴(CoHCF)纳米颗粒.得到了分散较好、大小均匀、具有面心立方结构的纳米颗粒.重点分析了PVP的引入以及溶液初始酸度对CoHCF纳米粒子粒径分布、晶体结构、红外光谱的影响;得出随PVP浓度的增大,溶液初始酸度的减小,CoHCF纳米粒子的尺寸逐渐减小的结论.     

3-巯基丙酸稳定的CdSe量子点的制备及其荧光性能

以CdCl₂·2.5H₂O,Na₂SeO₃和NaBH₄为反应物,制备3-巯基丙酸稳定的CdSe量子点.研究了加热回流时间、镉和硒的物质的量及镉和3-巯基丙酸的物质的量之比等实验条件对CdSe量子点光谱性能的影响.采用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱、X射线粉末衍射和高分辨透射电镜等分析手段,对量子点的光学性能和结构进行表征.结果表明,反应时间、镉和硒的物质的量及镉和3-巯基丙酸的物质的量之比等实验条件对CdSe量子点的光谱性能有明显影响;不同条件下制备的量子点的荧光发射峰的半峰宽保持在35~40 nm范围内;所得CdSe量子点为立方晶型.在pH值为11.0,且nCd∶nSe∶nMPA=1∶0.2∶1.1的条件下,回流90 min制备的量子点的荧光量子产率值可达16.1%.     

金纳米微粒晶格畸变和结合能的尺寸形状效应

利用紧束缚分子动力学的方法,模拟了球形和立方体金纳米微粒的最近邻原子间距以及结合能. 研究表明,原子数为108, 256的立方体纳米微粒的稳定结构是非晶态,而其他尺寸的球形和立方体形微粒则是面心立方结构. 对于晶态结构,在一定的形状下,金纳米微粒的最近邻原子间距以及结合能随着微粒尺寸的减小而降低;而在微粒原子数一定时,球形金纳米微粒的最近邻原子间距以及结合能的变化量分别要小于立方体形微粒的相应变化量. 由于晶体-非晶转变对于最近邻原子间距的影响非常明显,因此最近邻原子间距可以作为晶态和非晶态纳米微粒的一个判据. 通过线性拟合模拟数据, 定量地给出了形状对于最邻近原子间距变化量的贡献为总变化量的2%,而对于结合能的贡献为总变化量的15%. 本文模拟的最近邻原子间距的数值与文献上报道的实验结果符合得很好.     

硫化铅纳米颗粒标记DNA电化学探针的研究

在水溶液中合成了表面具有自由羧基的硫化铅(PbS)纳米颗粒，以乙基-(3-二甲基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDAC)为偶联活化剂，将其标记于人工合成的5’端氨基修饰的寡聚核苷酸(ODN)片段上，制备成PbS纳米颗粒标记DNA探针．在一定的条件下，使其与固定在玻碳电极表面的待测DNA序列进行杂交反应，利用阳极溶出示差脉冲伏安法间接测定Pb(Ⅱ)的量，从而实现对互补、非互补DNA片段的识别和电化学检测．同时对该探针的稳定性、选择性进行了讨论。     

基于硫代巴比妥酸修饰的银纳米粒子对 Pb2 + 的比色分析研究

将硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）修饰在新制备的银纳米粒子（Ag nanoparti-cles,AgNPs）表面,制备成小型的TBA-AgNPs比色传感器.在相同条件下利用TBA-AgNPs的颜色变化对16种不同金属离子进行分析测定,发现当pH值为11时,该传感器只对Pb2＋有明显响应,其他离子无明显干扰,且A540/A402与Pb2＋的浓度在3.97～27.8μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系.该方法具有简便快速,选择性好,结果可视化等优点,有望用于环境样品中Pb2＋的快速测定.     

TiO2/PbS/Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2纳米多孔膜电极的光电化学研究

用染料Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2对ITO/TiO2/PbS复合半导体纳米多孔膜电极进行敏化,用光电化学方法研究ITO/TiO2/PbS/Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2电极的光电化学行为及组成光电池的能量转换效率.结果表明,该电极作为太阳能电池光阳极的能量转换效率与TiO2/PbS 复合半导体中PbS的含量有关.