Relevance Theory in Translation

In perspective of relevance theory,translation is regarded as communication. According to relevance theory,communication not only requires encoding,transfer and decoding processes,but also involves inference in addition. As communication,translation decision-making is also based on the human beings’ inferential mental faculty. Concentrating on relevance theory,this paper tries to analyze and explain some translation phenomena in two English versions of Cai Gen Tan——My Crude Philosophy of Life.     

Anomalous top-quark coupling effects in rare B and K decays

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is performing direct searches for top-quark anomalous flavor-changing neutral current （FCNC） processes. However, these processes may be correlated closely with the low-energy rare B and K meson decays. In this paper, we review the anomalous top-quark coupling effects in these low-energy flavor transitions, summarize the flavor constraints and discuss their implications for direct detection of top-FCNC processes at the Large Hadron Collider.     

4 K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler used for terahertz space application

Terahertz(THz) frequency region, defined from0.1 to 10 THz, is an important frequency band for radio astronomy and atmospheric science. As NbN Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor(SIS) mixers used for terahertz detection, which are studied by the Purple Mountain Observatory(PMO), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), work at 8–10 K, and require condition of micro vibrations, its astronomical observation in aerospace is limited by suitable refrigeration method. 4 K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler developed by Key Laboratory of Space Energy Conversion Technologies(SECT), Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry(TIPC), CAS, offers an opportunity for the application of SIS mixers. This article introduces the progress of the two-stage high frequency pulse tube cryocooler researched by TIPC. The cryocooler has reached a no load temperature of 4.5 K which is the lowest temperature for this kind of cryocooler reported so far. The successful coupling between the THz component and the high frequency pulse tube cryocooler lays a solid foundation for space detection in the terahertz band.     

Effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper

Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3–2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate (< 1.0 s-1), the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s-1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.     

Evaluation on Gambiered Guangdong Silk＇s Ecological Properties

To evaluate gambiered Guangdong silk＇s ecology properties, the raw materials ecology, production ecology and use ecology are analyzed; and the safety to human is tested according to GB/T18885 - 2002. Gambiered Guangdong silk is a kind of natural product. All its raw materials are reproducible and degradable natural resources, and it can decompose completely when being discarded. R is comfortable to wear, and easy to clean and dry. It is mainly manufactured by dip-dyeing in dye yam solution, and insolating under the burning sun. The production energy is solar, a kind of clean and reproducible energy. The production process is clean and environmental friendly. There is neither the utilization of synthetic dyestuff and chemical auxiliary, nor the discharge of environment pollutant, and even the dreg of dye yam is used as fuel. The safety test results show that pH value of water extract, heavy metal content （except for Pb content）, color fastness and odor meet the requirements of GB/T18885 - 2002 and Okeo-tex standard 100.     

Key technologies of precision demolition blasting of ultra-long urban viaduct in complicated surroundings

The key technologies of precision blasting were put forward based on the characteristics of urban via- duct blasting demolition in complicated surroundings. Initial bending instability mechanics model of reinforcing steel bar frame of blasting fragmented pier and sequenced collapsed dynamic model were established for quanti- tative blasting design. Technologies of water pressure blasting were applied in multi-cell box girder fragmenta- tion. The detonating network of non-electric duplication crossover was adopted for the safety and reliability of ultra-long delay. The rationality of blasting scheme and parameters were validated by physical model test. Harm- ful effects were forecasted and controlled by integrated protective technologies. Specialization, cooperation, pre- cision, execution （SCPE） project management method was put forward for precision management. The key tech- nologies of precision demolition blasting can provide reference for similar proiects.     

An observational study of snow aging and the seasonal variation of snow albedo by using data from Col de Porte,France

An 18-year long （1993-2011） comprehensive dataset of snow and meteorological variables from Col de Porte, France is used to analyze the variation of shortwave broadband albedo with elapsed time after snowfalls （snow aging） during each snow season. The effects of air temperature, snow surface temperature and snow depth on snow albedo are investigated. An index based on the accumulation of air temperature over several consecutive days with daily mean higher than 2.5 ℃ is proposed to divide each snow-covered period into a dry and the following wet snow season when this index reaches 18 ℃. The results indicate that snow surface albedo decreases exponentially with time in both dry and wet snow seasons. Snow albedo reduction with snow aging is small at low surface temperature and the reduction rate increases with the rise of surface temperature. However, the reduction rate is widely scattered within the observed range of temperature, implying a loose relationship between snow albedo and snow surface temperature. Snow albedo in wet snow season is generally smaller and decreases faster than in dry snow season. For Col de Porte site, snow depths to effectively mask the underlying surface are 21 and 33 cm in dry and wet snow season respectively.     

On the Functions of Euphemism in Social Communication

In the process of social linguistic communication, due to the different circumstances and conditions, people can not express certain things clearly in a direct way when they come across something painful, unpleasant, disgusted and even embarrassing. Instead, they have to use some vague, implicit, mild and euphemistic expressions, so as to achieve the purpose of expressing feelings and exchanging ideas and thoughts in an appropriate and light atmosphere. This paper tries to deal with the application of euphemisms in various fields, thereby reveal some main functions of euphemism, i.e. avoidance function, politeness function, gloss-over function and disguise function.     

Research and design of the main equipments and structure of Xiangjiaba shiplift

The type of pinion and rack vertical shiplifts has been developed in recent a couple of years in the construction of dams. But the design methods and methodologies have rarely been discussed in literature. The Xiangjiaba shiplift is the second shiplift of this type following the Three Gorges shiplift. Being aimed at the technological rationality of the design in synthetically considering security, economy and applicability, this paper presents the research results of some vital issues relating the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift, including the determination of design water depth of ship chamber based on fluid numeral computation and physical model test, the optimum design of general layout of main equipments and the civil structure of the Xiangjiaba shiplift, the finite element method （FEM） analysis of stress, vibration modes and the buckling of ship chamber, antiseismic research and the design of structures and mechanisms of the shiplift and the optimum design of driving mechanisms. This research provides the theoretical basis for the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift. The design principles and research methods are valuable for the design of the same type of shiplifts.     

Distribution and origin of high magnetic anomalies at Luobusa Ophiolite in Southern Tibet

The Luobusa Ophiolite,Southern Tibet,lies in the eastern portion of Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture zone that separates Eurasia from the Indian continent.An aeromagnetic reconnaissance survey has revealed an EWtrending Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone,and it is considered to be caused mainly by the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolite.The Luobusa Ophiolite reflects the eastern portion of the Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone.Conventionally,the ultramafic rock in the Luobusa Ophiolite is considered as the origin of the high magnetic anomalies.However,results from the surface magnetic survey and the magnetic susceptibility measurements from drill cores indicate that the high magnetic anomalies are distributed inhomogeneously in the Luobusa Ophiolite.In some cases,the susceptibility exhibits more than 30 times difference between two sides of the same sample.A fact emerged that the susceptibility of dunite with serpentinization is higher than that of fresh dunite,harzburgite and chromite when we analyzed the measurement results.In order to understand the origin of the high magnetic anomalies,we measured the density and susceptibility of 17 samples,microscopic and electron probe analyses have been performed as well.The result indicates the presence of dunite with serpentinization containing an abundant of micro-fissures filled with magnetite.Olivine has a susceptibility of about 2.7–351(910-5SI),pyroxene about 16–320,and chromite about200–800.All these units feature relatively low susceptibility in ultramafic rock,and only the magnetite is characterized by a high susceptibility of about 200,000(910-5SI).Based on these observations,we conclude that the precipitation of magnetite in the process of serpentinization of the olivine caused by the geological process in the Luobusa Ophiolite is the origin of high magnetic anomalies.     

Fabrication and Properties of Microencapsulated n-octadecane and Paraffin

Microencapsulated n-alkanes as energy- storage materials have promising application prospects. The ndcrocapsules containing 100 - 50 wt% of n - octadecane, 0 -20 wt% of paraffin and 0 - 30 wt% of cyclohexane were synthesized by in-situ polymerization using melamine- formaldehyde polymer as shell. Cyclohexane was removed after heat-treated the microcapsules at 100℃. The morphologies, cell parameters, phase change properties, thermal stable temperatures of these microcapsules were examined. The diameters of these microcapsules are lower than 5 μm. The effect of paraffin in the microcapsules on the cell parameters of n-octadecane is negligible. The paraff＇m is effectively used as a nucleating agent to decrease the degree of supercooling. The melting enthalpy is decreased from 132 J/g to 111 J/g due to the increase of the cyclohexane contents. The thermal stable temperature is enhanced 6 - 16℃ after heat-treated the microcapsules at 160℃ for 30 min.     

Influence of the Indonesian Throughflow on the upwelling off the east coast of South Java

A wave-tide-circulation coupled model is used to simulate upwelling off the south coast of Java, Indone- sia. The results show that the vertical velocity off East Java is stronger than other parts in this area. The strongest vertical velocity is located approximately at 80 m depth. The annual averaged values of upwelling are 2.3 × 10-6 and 1.06 × 10-5 m/s for south of West Java and south of East Java, respectively. The vertical velocity from the model shows that upwelling off West Java has seasonal variability, while it is quite steady and strong off East Java. Additional numerical experiments show that the wind is not the dominant factor for the steady upwelling off the southern part of East Java. It is then hypothesized that the Indonesian Throughflow （ITF） may be responsible for the upwelling. To test this hypothesis, two scenarios are implemented, both of which block the outflow of the ITF. Sensitive study shows that the ITF plays a key role in the formation of East Java upwelling. The effect of the ITF can account for about 55 %-65 % of the upwelling.     

Effects of elevation on spring phenological sensitivity to temperature in Tibetan Plateau grasslands

Vegetation phenology is an important indicator of climate change impacts on the seasonal dynamics of the biosphere. However, little is known about the influence of elevation on spring phenological sensitivity to temperature in an alpine ecosystem. Based on remotely sensed land surface phenology and temperature data from 2001 to 2010, this study investigated the rate of spring phenological change of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） grasslands in response to interannual temperature variations at different elevations. Results suggest that spring phenology in the TP grasslands exhibits a stronger response to changes in temperature at higher elevations than at lower ones. In particular, spring phenology advanced by 1-2 days in response to a 1 ℃ increase in May average temperature at elevations from 3,000 to 3,500 m, while the rate was up to 8-9 days/℃ at 5,000-5,500 m. Analysis using accumulated growing degree days （AGDD） from January 1 through May 31 showed the same general trend with increased elevation associated with increased sensitivity （as measured by phenological change per unit of AGDD change）. Such temperature sensitivity gradients in the TP grasslands could be partly explained by the growth efficiency hypothesis which suggests that vegetation adapted to colder climates likely requires less heat energy for the onset of growing season and vice versa in warmer climates. Furthermore, accumulated growing degree days from January 1 to the greenup date were found to decrease with increasing elevations, which provided evidence to support the applicability of the growth efficiency hypothesis in an alpine grassland ecosystem.     

The semileptonic decays of B/Bs meson in the perturbative QCD approach： a short review

In this short review, we present the current status about the theoretical and experimental studies for some important semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We firstly gave a brief introduction for the experimental measurements for B/Bs → P（l＋l-, l-v-l, vv-） decays, the BaBar＇s R（D） and R（D＊） anomaly, the P′5 deviation for B0→ K＊0μ＋μ decay. We then made a careful discussion about the evaluations for the relevant form factors in the light-cone QCD sum rule, the heavy quark effective theory, and the perturbative QCD factorization approach. By using the form factors calculated in the perturbative （pQCD） approach, we then calculate and show the pQCD predictions for the decay rates of many semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We also made careful phenomenological analysis for these pQCD predictions and found, in general, the following points： （a） For all the considered B/Bs semileptonic decays, the next-to-leading order pQCD predictions for their decay rates agree well with the data and those from other different theoretical methods; （b） For R（D） and R（D＊）, the pQCD predictions agree very well with the data, the B aBar＇s anomaly of R （D（＊）） are therefore explained successfully in the standard model by employing the pQCD approach; and （c） We defined several new ratios RD^l,τ and RDs^l,τ, they may be more sensitive to the QCD dynamics which controls the B/Bs→（D（＊）, Ds（＊）） transitions than the old ratios, we therefore strongly suggest LHCb and the forthcoming Super-B experiments to measure these new ratios.     

Observations of thermospheric vector wind over Yellow River Station during auroral substorm events

Strong disturbances associated with auroral substorms originate from the ionosphere-magnetosphere owing to the effects of the solar wind, and the wind field in the ionosphere is related to such substorm activity. Here, we describe the analysis of four auroral substorm events, for which we employed an all-sky Fabry-Perot interferometer to observe the two-dimensional horizontal wind field and combined the results with data from an all-sky charge-coupled device imager, a fluxgate magnetometer installed at Yellow River Station, and the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network. The results demonstrate that, during auroral substorms, the vector wind field is related closely to variations in the ion drift and geomagnetic field. Moreover, we observed a changing wind field of approximately 300 rn/s in response to variations in the electric and magnetic fields （likely caused by ion drag） and a disturbance of about 200 m/s that we attribute to the interaction of Joule heating and ion drag.     

The Simple Analysis on Motivation and Attitude in Tertiary College Students' English Study

In psycholinguistics, motivation and attitude have much effect on students＇ English study. Because there are different individuals among students, different students have different study motivations and attitudes. Directed against these individuals in tertiary colleges, we formulate different methods to help students study English well.     

Vegetation and climate change during Marine Isotope Stage 3 in China

Fossil pollen records from 45 sites across China were evaluated and synthesized to document Vegetation and climate change during Marine Isotope Stage 3 （MIS 3） at 60-27 ka and to understand the large-scale controls. During MIS3, vegetation type was dominantly forest in eastern China, forest steppe/meadow in the north and Tibetan Plateau, and steppe desert in northwestern arid China. We developed a semi-quantitative vegetation index to reflect change in plant abundance （by inferring the general climate conditions）, with a vegetation score from 1 to 3 based on the different vegetation types inferred from pollen data at individual sites at intervals of 2,000 years.The reconstructed vegetation index shows higher values during MIS 3, especially during the period 53-40 ka, than at the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results also suggest that climate on the basis of vegetation change was cooler and drier during MIS 3 than during the Holocene optimum; however, MIS 3 vegetation was probably similar to modern vegetation. The close relationship between vegetation change, insolation and Asian summer monsoon strength suggests that climate variations, probably in both temper- ature and precipitation, are the primary drivers of regional vegetation change. Additional well-dated, high-resolution palaeoclimate records from many locations across China will be needed to understand the vegetation change and climate forcings on millennial and centennial scales within MIS 3.     

Neutron diffraction studies on ‘‘simple’’ iron oxides under pressure： Fe3O4, a-Fe2O3, and FeO

Fe3O4（magnetite）, a-Fe2O3（hematite）, and Fe O（wu¨ stite） are the three major iron oxides and some of the most fundamental solids in nature. Interest in these systems is due to their abundance as minerals in the Earth and other telluric planets as well as their interesting electronic and magnetic properties which have been studied for decades. In this article, we review high-pressure studies on these three systems using neutron powder diffraction in the0–14 GPa range with a particular focus on the behavior of magnetism under pressure. Unpublished data on the pressure dependence of the Ne′el temperature in Fe O are presented. This review will give at the same time an introduction into technical aspects and illustrate the potential of high-pressure neutron scattering in the future.     

Kinetics of blue-green light-induced state transition and fluorescence quenching in the wild-type cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 and apcD − and apcF − mutants

State transition and blue-green light-induced fluorescence quenching are two short-term processes in cyanobacteria. The details of their kinetics and the relationship between these processes have not been elucidated. In this work, these two processes were studied in the wildtype cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 cells as well as in apcD^- and apcF^- mutants by monitoring their time- dependent 77 K fluorescence responses to blue-green light （430-540 nm） at a series of intensities ranging from 20-800 μE m^-2 s^-1. The lowest light intensity to induce fluorescence quenching in wild-type cells was 160 μE m^-2 s^-1 under the selected experimental conditions, while state transition took place at the intensities lower than 160 μE m^-2 s^-1 at a conservative level, but at variable rates. The quenching level increased at intensities higher than 160 μE m^-2 s^-1, reaching the maximum level at intensities equal to or higher than 200 μEm^-2 s^-1. Fluorescence kinetics indicated that both the length of the induction period and time required to reach the maximum level were functions of light intensity. State transitions as well as fluorescence quenching took place in both wildtype and mutant cells, but might involve different mechanisms.