复合型添加剂增强细水雾灭火性能研究

采用实验模拟研究了自制复合型添加剂对细水雾灭火性能的影响．重点考察了细水雾灭火有效性随添加剂浓度的变化规律．结果表明：复合型添加剂显著增强了细水雾的灭火性能，最大可缩短灭火时间5～8倍。并且随着细水雾中添加剂含量的不断增加，油池火的灭火时间呈现出先快速下降，尔后略微增长的趋势；而木垛火的灭火时间则表现为平缓下降，并趋于饱和．对应最短灭火时间，油池火的最佳添加剂灭火浓度约为临界胶束浓度（CMC）的2～3倍，木垛火的最佳添加剂灭火浓度为临界胶束浓度的（CMC）8～10倍．含添加剂细水雾扑灭火焰是物理化学复合作用机制，但主导灭火机理是燃料表面的冷却与隔离作用．并且对于油池火，添加剂灭火关键是表面活性剂在油面快速成膜．而对于木垛火，添加剂灭火关键是在表面覆盖较厚泡沫层．     

含表面活性剂细水雾的灭火性能

为了增强细水雾的灭火性能,实验研究了一种表面活性剂类添加剂对细水雾扑灭汽油池火的增强效果。结果表明:相对于纯水细水雾,使用添加剂可以有效缩短细水雾灭火时间,增强灭火稳定性。随着添加剂浓度的增大,灭火时间逐渐缩短并趋于稳定值,灭火稳定性则呈下降趋势。实验中添加剂的最大有效质量分数为6%,相比纯水的灭火时间缩短约70%,灭火稳定性提高25%。灭火增强机制分析认为添加剂通过提高细水雾吸热蒸发能力,促进泡沫层形成以及表层汽油乳化,增强了细水雾对火焰和汽油的降温、隔离作用。     

含氯化钾低压细水雾抑灭正庚烷池火性能研究

为探究KCl（氯化钾）添加剂对低压细水雾抑灭性能的影响,课题组在1 m3密闭空间内开展了含不同浓度KCl的低压细水雾对正庚烷池火的抑灭实验。基于灭火过程、灭火时间、火焰温度、灭火机理等维度,分析了含KCl细水雾的灭火特性。结果表明： KCl添加剂可有效缩短低压细水雾灭火时间,缩短的灭火时间主要集中在火焰撕裂、游走阶段;油盘面积增大后燃烧更剧烈,灭火所需KCl浓度要求更高;含4%KCl低压细水雾灭直径6、8、10 cm的油盘火时,与纯细水雾相比,可分别缩短灭火时间82%、79%、73%,增大降温速率1.5倍左右;含KCl细水雾主要通过消耗、湮灭链式燃烧反应所必需的自由基来达到更优的抑灭效果,Cl-主要切断链的引发阶段,K+主要切断链的传递、终止阶段。可见KCl添加剂能显著强化低压细水雾的抑灭性能。     

细水雾与木垛火相互作用的实验研究

该文对细水雾与固体木垛火相互作用问题进行小尺度模拟实验研究.利用热电偶、数码摄像机等测量了细水雾作用前后燃烧场的变化特征.结果表明：细水雾扑灭木垛燃烧的明火效果较好,但不能有效抑制阴燃现象,且喷雾气压、预燃时间和木垛结构形状对灭火过程有显著影响.在一定范围内,喷雾气压与灭火时间成反比关系;预燃时间与灭火时间成正比关系.     

纵向排烟和高压细水雾耦合对隧道火灾的抑制作用

利用长宽高为6m×15m×2m的隧道模型,进行了纵向排烟和高压细水雾灭火实验.通过对火源附近各测点温度的测试,分析了不同工作压力高压细水雾对柴油池火的控制效果,以及纵向排烟和细水雾不同的开启时间对控火效果的影响.结果表明:对于油面尺寸为250mm×200mm的柴油池火,在没有纵向排烟情况下,6MPa细水雾就可以有效扑灭柴油池火;在纵向排烟和高压细水雾同时开启的情况下,15MPa细水雾的控火和灭火效果最好;在高压细水雾启动之前30s优先开启纵向排烟的话,可以达到很好的灭火效果.     

细水雾对不同开口受限空间火灾的抑制作用

目的研究单、双开口受限空间自然通风条件下,细水雾抑制酒精池火的机理和有效性.方法在3.6 m×1.5 m×0.6 m的实验模型中部设置直径500 mm酒精作为火源,距离火源中心1 100 mm的位置布置高压细水雾喷头.在自然通风工况下,点火8 min后启动细水雾,改变开口的位置、数量及细水雾施加压力,对比分析不同开口条件下细水雾灭火的机理和有效性.结果对于双开口受限空间175 k W酒精池火,6 MPa及以下的细水雾可以有效抑制轰燃,但不能实现灭火;7 MPa、8.37 L/min细水雾可在54 s内有效灭火,比单开口受限空间灭火时间缩短了56 s.结论细水雾熄灭双开口受限空间酒精火的主导机理是对火焰和热烟气层的冷却作用,细水雾熄灭单开口受限空间火灾的主导机理是对地面接受到的热辐射的冷却作用.     

压力对细水雾抑制汽油池火影响数值模拟

利用火灾动力学仿真软件(FDS)软件模拟研究低、中、高3种压力下细水雾对汽油池火的抑制过程。对比分析细水雾压力为1、3和5 MPa时的火焰区域内温度变化、烟气中O2和CO体积分数变化、灭火时间以及灭火用水量等情况。结果表明:细水雾抑制池火的过程可分为3个阶段,分别是火焰初步抑制阶段、火焰增长阶段和火焰再次抑制阶段。增加细水雾的释放压力,可以明显降低火焰温度,有效抑制火焰的发展。综合考虑灭火时间和灭火用水量的影响,中压细水雾具有灭火迅速、节约用水的优点。     

用锥形量热仪研究细水雾抑制熄灭PVC火

利用锥形量热仪和单流体细水雾系统研究了细水雾抑制PVC火的过程，并观察了重燃现象的发生，测量了实验中热释放速率及O2，CO2，CO和烟气的浓度变化，并对不同细水雾工作压力及不同热辐射流量下的结果进行了比较。由实验可知细水雾能快速扑灭PVC火，且压力越大灭火越迅速，但是在灭火后停止施加细水雾会发生重燃现象，且重燃发生的时间长短与作用在燃料表面的水量有关。     

细水雾对障碍物挡板火灭火有效性的实验研究

在不同障碍物挡板阻隔条件下，就细水雾对油池火的灭火效果进行了实验研究，分析了不同空间位置的障碍物挡板对细水雾灭火效果的影响，采用FDS40对细水雾与不同类型障碍物挡板油池火的相互作用过程的模拟结果表明：障碍物结构与类型影响着细水雾直接作用于油池火上方的水雾通量，油池火上方的水雾卷吸量越大，细水雾对障碍火的灭火效果越明显。     

细水雾抑制熄灭障碍物油池火的有效性研究

传统水喷淋灭火系统很难扑救有障碍物遮挡的火焰。针对障碍物油池火进行了全尺寸细水雾灭火有效性的实验研究，深入了解障碍物存在时细水雾对油池火的抑制熄灭作用，同时研究了障碍物与火焰的相对位置、细水雾的工作压力、雾通量、喷头距火焰垂直距离及水平距离等关键因素对灭火有效性的影响，分析了障碍物存在时细水雾的灭火特性，揭示了实验中某些工况下不能扑灭火焰的原因，为细水雾的实际工程应用提供了科学的参考依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.