Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore communities and its relations to plants under increased temperature and precipitation in a natural grassland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)form mutualisms with most plant species,and therefore,understanding how AMF communities will respond to climate change is essential for predictions of changes in plant communities.To evaluate the impact of global climate change on AMFs and plant-AMF interactions in a natural grassland in Inner Mongolia,both artificial warming and watering treatments were assigned to experimental plots.Our results indicate that(1)warming and precipitation significantly affected the relative spore abundance of abundant sporulating AMF species;(2)the relative abundance of weak sporulating AMF species and AMF diversity decreased under experimental warming;(3)evidence was found that the composition of the AMF community in a given year might be correlated with plant community composition in the following year;and(4)grasses and forbs showing different preferences to Claroideoglomus etunicatum or Ambispora gerdemannii dominated plots.Our results imply that climate change appears to induce changes in AMF assemblages with knock-on effects on grassland plant communities.AMF communities may play a much more important role than we have thought in the responses of ecosystem to global climate changes.     

荒漠植物沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围AM真菌时空分布

为探明荒漠植物沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围AM真菌时空异质性,2009年5月、8月和10月分别从内蒙古荒漠植物沙柳根围分0～10,11～20,21～30,31～40和41～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,研究了AM真菌时空分布及与土壤因子的相关性.结果表明,沙柳根围AM真菌平均孢子密度为282个/1...     

东寨港红树林丛枝菌根真菌侵染和孢子密度及其影响因子研究

丛枝菌根(AM)结构存在于多种红树植物根内,但目前对于红树林中AM真菌的研究还未能完全揭示其存在的原因和状况。研究通过对海南东寨港红树林中不同潮位16种红树植物根内AM侵染情况、AM真菌孢子密度以及土壤理化因子开展调查,以了解东寨港红树林中AM真菌的存在状况及其影响因素。结果表明12种红树植物与AM真菌存在共生关系,其中海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)侵染率较高,均高于55%;16种植物根际土壤中均检测到AM真菌孢子,每25 g土壤的平均孢子密度为(25.7±2.7)个。方差分析表明,不同宿主植物根内AM侵染情况差异显著;潮位对AM侵染率和孢子密度均具有显著影响,表现为高潮位显著高于中、低潮位,而中低潮位间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明土壤含水率、电导率和有效磷含量可能是影响东寨港红树林生境中AM侵染率和孢子密度的主要土壤因子。     

气候变化对森林生态系统的主要影响述评

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体,其对减少大气中的CO₂浓度从而减缓全球变暖有着决定性的作用。为了探究气候变化对森林生态系统的影响以及森林生态系统的反馈机制,发展合理的森林经营策略以应对气候变化,笔者综述了国内外有关气候变化对森林生态系统影响的相关研究方法与成果,重点讨论了气候变化对森林结构、组成和分布、森林生产力、森林碳库、森林生态系统生物多样性、生态系统生态服务功能等方面的影响,论述了森林生态系统对气候变化的反馈机制,并指出了现有研究的不足之处,提出了适应或者减缓气候变化对森林生态系统影响的森林经营策略,主要包括:①坚决贯彻实施退耕还林政策; ②加强保护天然林; ③制定科学的森林经营对策; ④加速我国碳汇林业的发展。     

葛藤(Puerraria lobata)根际AM真菌生态学研究

2004年7月至12月每月中旬分别从0~10,10~20,20~30和30~40 cm土层采集根际土样,对陕西武功县葛藤根际AM真菌进行了系统的生态学研究.结果表明,AM真菌的分布和定殖与时间变化密切相关,菌根真菌的最高定殖率伴随有最大的孢子密度,最高值都出现在2004年11月.土壤pH值与泡囊定殖率呈极显著负相关.孢子密度与泡囊定殖率呈显著正相关,速效磷与泡囊定殖率呈显著负相关;碱解氮与孢子密度、总定殖率、泡囊、菌丝定殖率呈极显著负相关.在检测和评估土壤生态状况和植物形成菌根能力等方面,AM真菌孢子密度和不同结构定殖程度是十分有用的指标,尤其是泡囊定殖率可作为葛藤优化盐碱地状况的重要指标.土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属(Glomus)种类,也有少数无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)的种类.     

Ecological responses to recent climate change

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.     

丛枝菌根真菌在农业中的应用：研究进展与挑战

 丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌能够和大多数农作物形成互利共生体系，有效改善作物矿质营养，减轻环境胁迫对作物生长的不利影响，提高作物产量和品质。由于AM真菌的功能多面性，其在农业生产中具有潜在重要作用和广阔应用前景。结合AM真菌农业应用技术途径和适用情景，讨论了作物种植制度和管理措施对AM真菌功能的影响及可能的调控途径，分析了菌根技术发展趋势及面临的机遇和挑战，提出加强AM真菌功能多面性及其应用途径优化研究，将有助于促进AM真菌菌剂相关产业的发展以及AM真菌在农业生产中的广泛应用。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the clonal plants in Mu Us sandland of China

Clonal plants in Mu Us sandland change the sandy enviroment. The clonal plant is a kind of resource in restoration of the Mu Us sandy landscape. Soil samples at depth of 50 cm in the rhizosphere of the clonal plants were collected in 4 replicates at each location and divided into sections corresponding to 0—10, 10—20, 20—30, 30—40 and 40—50 cm depths in two representative sites from north to south in Mu Us sandland, northwestern China, in July 2005. Clonal plants included Psammochloa villosa and Hedysarum laeve. The colonization and ecological distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the rhizosphere of clonal plants in Mu Us sandland. The results showed that the clonal plants established well symbiosis with AM fungi; AM fungal species and spatial distribution were significantly related with the host plants and soil factors. Of 16 AM fungal taxa in three genera isolated and identified, Glomus multicaule was only observed in the rhizosphere of Psammochloa villosa; Glomus aggregatum, Glomus hydembadensis, Glomus constrictum and Acaulospora rehmii only appeared in the rhizosphere of Hedysarum leave. The depth of soil layers observably affected the spore density and the frequency of colonization (%F). The maximal %F and spore density occurred in the 10—20 cm layer at the site of Ordos Sandy Land Ecological Station, but which occurred in the 0—10 cm layer in Shanxi Yulin Rare Sandy-plants Conversation Field. AM fungal status and colonization might be used to monitor desertification and soil degradation.     

道地药材白芷根际AM真菌的生态学

2006年10月在河北省安国市的4个样地,从0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 4个土层采集白芷根际土样,系统研究白芷根际AM真菌空间分布和土壤因子之间的相关性.结果表明,白芷能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系.白芷具有Paris型菌根.AM真菌不同结构定殖率和孢子密度与样地生态条件密切相关.AM真菌不同结构定殖率在齐村最高,孢子密度在郭北庄最高,采样深度对孢子密度和AM真菌定殖率有显著影响,在10~20 cm或20~30 cm土层出现最大孢子密度;AM真菌定殖率在0~10 cm或20~30 cm土层有最大值.总定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,孢子密度与土壤速效N呈显著正相关,土壤pH与AM真菌泡囊定殖率呈显著负相关.菌根定殖率与孢子密度之间没有显著相关性.土样中AM真菌有球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora).     

青藏高原高寒草甸不同海拔梯度上增温和优势植物物种去除对生态系统碳通量的影响

在青藏高原高寒草甸的两个海拔梯度(3200 m 和 4000 m)上开展实验, 研究增温和优势植物物种去除对净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)的影响。结果表明: 在2017年生长季, 两个海拔的GEP均高于ER, 表明这两个生态系统在生长季均表现为碳汇。低海拔(3200 m)的增温对生态系统C通量没有显著的作用, 原因可能是增温引起的水分限制。在较湿润的高海拔(4000 m)地区, 增温显著提高了生态系统C通量, 平均而言, 增温引起的GEP增加量(2.30 mg CO₂/(m²·s))高于ER (0.62 mg CO₂/(m²·s)), 导致NEE增加。两个海拔优势植物物种的去除对生态系统C通量均没有显著的作用, 原因可能是剩余物种的补偿作用, 因为去除处理对两个海拔的地上生物量(AGB)和地下生物量(BGB)的影响都不显著。增温和优势物种去除对两个海拔生态系统C通量没有显著的交互作用。研究结果揭示土壤湿度在调节高寒草甸生态系统C通量对气候变暖响应方面的重要性, 单一优势植物物种的去除可能不会对物种丰富的生态系统C通量产生较大的影响。     

围封对蒙古荒漠草原和高山草原植物群落组成及稳定性的影响

基于蒙古国两种典型草地生态系统类型(荒漠草原和高山草原), 采取围封和放牧两种处理方式, 对2013—2018年这两种草地类型的群落盖度进行系统分析。按植物分类学法, 将群落内的所有物种划分为五大功能群——杂草类、蒿类、豆科、禾本科和莎草科, 采用Gordon稳定性方法评估围封对群落稳定性的影响。结果表明: 1) 围封显著增加荒漠草原杂草类植物覆盖度, 减少蒿类和禾本科植物覆盖度, 年际间无明显的变化规律, 而对于高山草原, 围封对不同功能群盖度无显著影响; 2) 围封增加荒漠草原的群落稳定性, 而对高山草原无明显影响; 3) 群落稳定性与优势种盖度占群落的比例呈显著的正相关关系, 荒漠草原的优势种占比高于高山草原, 导致荒漠草原的群落稳定性更好。根据上述结果, 建议在对草地进行围封管理前, 应充分考虑当地的环境条件及围封对植物群落及生态系统的潜在影响, 同时辅以休牧、轮牧或季节性放牧等措施, 才能真正提高草原生态系统服务的使用价值。     

Ecosystem vulnerability of China under B2 climate scenario in the 21st century

This paper applies climate change scenarios in China based on the SRES assumptions with the help of RCMs projections by PRECIS （providing regional climates for impacts studies） system introduced to China from.the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research at a high-resolution （50 kmx50 km） over China. This research focuses on B2 scenario of SRES. A biogeochemical model ＂Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model （AVIM2）＂ was applied to simulating ecosystem status in the 21st century. Then vulnerability of ecosystems was assessed based on a set of index of mainly net primary production （NPP） of vegetation. Results show that climate change would affect ecosystem of China severely and there would be a worse trend with the lapse of time. The regions where having vulnerable ecological background would have heavier impacts while some regions with better ecological background would also receive serious impacts. Extreme climate even would bring about worse impact on the ecosystems. Open shrub and desert steppe would be the two most affected types. When the extreme events happen, vulnerable ecosystem would extend to part of defoliate broad-leaved forest, woody grassland and evergreen conifer forest. Climate change would not always be negative. It could be of some benefit to cold region during the near-term. However, in view of mid-term to long-term negative impact on ecosystem vulnerability would be enormously.     

地道药材凤丹根际AM真菌与丹皮酚含量的相关性分析

凤丹(Paeonia ostii)含有重要药用价值的次生代谢产物丹皮酚.丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)与凤丹存在密切的共生关系,菌根真菌能够直接或间接影响植物次级代谢过程.采用HPLC法测定凤丹中丹皮酚的含量、碱解离-酸性品红染色法测定侵染率、曲利苯兰染色法测定菌丝量、湿筛沉淀法测定孢子密度.结果发现,凤丹根际丛枝菌根侵染率、孢子密度和菌丝量与丹皮酚含量呈显著的正相关.本文通过AM真菌的孢子密度、菌丝量、侵染率与凤丹丹皮酚含量的相关性分析,表明AM真菌是凤丹中丹皮酚含量的促进因素,凤丹体内AM真菌侵染越强,根际土壤中AM孢子产生越多,土壤菌丝量越高,则丹皮酚含量积累越高.研究AM真菌对丹皮酚次级代谢物生成的影响,对进一步研究AM真菌对丹皮酚在药用价值方面提供重要依据.     

几种野生花卉丛枝菌根发育状况的研究

丛枝菌根是自然界中,植物与真菌形成的分布最广泛的一类互惠共生体。作者对山东省的6种重要野生花卉小黄花菜(Hemerocallis minorMill.)、萱草(Hemerocallis fulvaL.)、琥珀千里光(Senecio ambraceusTurcz.)、矮鸢尾(Iris chamaeiris)、甘野菊(Dendranthema lavandulaefolium)、锦鸡儿(Catagana sinicaRehd.)的AM真菌的侵染状况、典型结构的发育状况以及其根际土壤中AM真菌的孢子密度和根际AM真菌的相对多度和频度进行了研究。结果表明,所调查的6种野生花卉都被AM真菌侵染,且可观察到典型结构泡囊,其根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度也相当丰富。在本次调查中共分离到了5个属的AM真菌,其中无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是野生花卉根际AM真菌的优势类群。     

黄土高原环境恶化的自然背景研究

根据黄土高原自然环境的演变规律 ,认为从千年尺度的季风气候变化趋势来看 ,目前仍然处在一个延续 31 0 0多年的相对干旱低温时期 .黄土高原属于环境敏感带 ,当前显著的气候干暖化发展趋势 ,以及与之相关的各种灾害性变化 ,是当地资源环境对于全球变暖的响应造成的 .数十年来对于水、土和生物资源的过度开发 ,是造成黄土高原及其毗邻荒漠草原地区广泛的沙漠化、土壤侵蚀、河水断流、湖泊干涸的直接原因     

Abrupt rise in atmospheric CO2 overestimates community response in a model plant-soil system

Attempts to understand the ecological effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2], usually involve exposing today's ecosystems to expected future [CO2] levels. However, a major assumption of these approaches has not been tested--that exposing ecosystems to a single-step increase in [CO2] will yield similar responses to those of a gradual increase over several decades. We tested this assumption on a mycorrhizal fungal community over a period of six years. [CO2] was either increased abruptly, as is typical of most [CO2] experiments, or more gradually over 21 generations. The two approaches resulted in different structural and functional community responses to increased [CO2]. Some fungi were sensitive to the carbon pulse of the abrupt [CO2] treatment. This resulted in an immediate decline in fungal species richness and a significant change in mycorrhizal functioning. The magnitude of changes in fungal diversity and functioning in response to gradually increasing [CO2] was smaller, and not significantly different to those with ambient [CO2]. Our results suggest that studies may overestimate some community responses to increasing [CO2] because biota may be sensitive to ecosystem changes that occur as a result of abrupt increases.     

FAST台址环境对GPS-RTK测量精度的影响及应对措施

FAST（Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,500 m口径球反射面射电望远镜）是我国正在贵州建设的重大科学项目,建成后将成为世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜.其中FAST馈源一次支撑测量精度要求17 mm,将采用GPS-RTK与全站仪两种测量方式,本文主要通过实测数据分析FAST台址洼地环境对GPS-RTK测量精度造成的影响,并根据FAST台址地形图和馈源舱的运行轨迹制定相应的解决方案.     

影响AM真菌孢子萌发因素的研究

在离体条件下培养AM真菌孢子,测定不同培养基pH值、成分以及培养温度条件下的孢子萌发率,优化AM真菌孢子的培养环境.结果表明：培养基pH6.0时,孢子萌发率最高,过高或过低都会抑制孢子的萌发.AM真菌在土壤中储存两个月最有利于孢子萌发.培养基中添加人工合成植物激素GR24对孢子萌发率有极显著影响,浓度450 pg/L时,孢子萌发率最高.低浓度的精胺能够增加孢子菌丝的生长点个数,提高孢子的萌发率,含量过高时（＞40 mg/L）抑制孢子的萌发.培养温度30℃较适合AM真菌孢子的萌发,低于或高于30℃孢子萌发率有所下降.本试验结果将为构建AM真菌-毛状根双重培养体系提供适宜的培养条件.