黄土高原环境恶化的自然背景研究

根据黄土高原自然环境的演变规律,认为从千年尺度的季风气候变化趋势来看,目前仍然处在一个延续３１００多年的相对干旱低温时期。黄土高原属于环境敏感带,当前显著的气候干暖化发展趋势,以及与之相关的各种灾害性变化,是当地资源环境对于全球变暖的响应造成的。数十年来对于水、土和生物资源的过度开发,是造成黄土高原及其毗邻荒漠草原地区广泛的沙漠化、土壤侵蚀、河水断流、湖泊干涸的直接原因。     

黄土高原土壤退化机制与防治措施

对造成黄土高原土壤退化的因素进行了分析 .认为引起黄土高原土壤退化因素是多层次的 ,而以粮食种植业为主体的单一产业结构是现代土壤退化的主要根源 .并依此为根据 ,提出黄土高原土壤退化的防治战略 .该区今后的发展应着眼于全球经济一体化趋势 ,按劳动地域分工与协作的要求 ,在调整产业结构的基础上 ,调整土地利用结构 .运用科学的研究成果 ,科学地利用土地 ,实现资源的永续利用和经济的持续发展     

黄土高原的生态修复问题研究

黄土高原的生环境态建设一直是国家重点关注的问题,在日益严峻的生态环境之下,生态修复措施的提出迫不及待,如何在了解黄土高原的具体情况之后制定出应对措施以治理、预测和监督相应地区的生态问题,是我们需要研究的重要问题。介绍了黄土高原的特征,分析了黄土高原存在的生态环境问题,阐述了黄土高原生态修复的必要性和可行性,探讨了黄土高原生态修复的具体措施。     

黄土高原构造侵蚀期研究

根据野外调查和实际测量资料，研究了黄土高原构造侵蚀期和期内造成的侵蚀。资料表明，黄土高原约160万年以来发生了6次构造侵蚀期，各次侵蚀期下切深度存在差别，深度变化一般在5－130m之间。黄土高原构造侵蚀期与海、湖盆地构造侵蚀期不同，它所造成的侵蚀主要限于沟谷、丘陵区和塬边。构造侵蚀期的多次发生是黄土高原分割和沟谷发育的主要原因。     

长安县黄土中的风化壳与环境研究

据野外调查和室内鉴定 ,在长安县城南布容期 0 78- 0MaBP形成的黄土剖面中确定了三个时期的风化壳 ,它们由第 1 ,4,5层古土壤和风化破碎黄土构成 .黄土中的风化壳是红褐色古土壤在特定的气候条件下转变而成的 ,厚度在 3～ 6m之间 ,风化壳剖面常由 3～ 4个层次构成 ,发育时间为 5～ 1 0× 1 0 4a不等 .风化壳上部是发育好的红色古土壤 ,中部是含铁质胶膜的风化破碎黄土 ,下部是不含铁质胶膜的风化破碎黄土 .粘土矿物分析表明 ,黄土中的风化壳为伊利石 蒙脱石型和高岭石型之间的过渡类型 .黄土中风化壳发育时的年均降水量在 95 0～ 1 0 0 0mm之间 ,是黄土高原降水丰富的气候事件的显示 .风化壳的发育证明黄土中有些古土壤确属淋溶型森林土壤 ,当时亚热带气候至少迁移到了黄土高原东南部     

地理系研究黄土高原的两部新作出版

黄土高原是中化民族的发祥地,华夏灿烂文化的摇篮。长期以来,这一特殊的地理区域强烈地吸引着中外学者。我校地理系一直把黄土高原作为科学研究和教学实习的重点区域,并建立了黄土高原地理研究室,先后承担了多项研究黄土高原的课题,取得了一系列重要成果。最近,该系又出版了两部研究黄土高原的新著,即由科学出版社出版的《陕西省子长县综合治理与经济发展战略规划》和由陕西省人民出版社出版的《黄土高原环境、资源、开发》。     

西北生土民居建筑调查——以甘肃连城镇为例

在这个低碳时代,建筑的高耗能已经越来越引起人们的关注,迫使人们寻找可持续发展的建筑材料.中国西北部地处黄土高原,生态环境脆弱,自古以来就是苦寒之地.生土建筑是黄土高原上普遍存在的一种建筑形式,其建筑材料以来经焙烧,而仅做简单加工的原状土为主.它取之自然,又融于自然,维护环境和生态平衡,是人们历经千年最终选择的一种有效的乡土建筑形式.为了更加了解生土建筑所处区域的环境、建筑形制、制作技术和生土建筑现状等,选择位于兰州市西北150km的连城镇调研,从而对生土建筑的未来和发展有了更深刻的理解.     

伊犁盆地晚更新世黄土—古土壤磁化率特征

新疆伊犁河谷海拔高度不同的两个晚更新世黄土剖面磁化率特征存在显著差异:位于海拔1400 m处的库尔德能布拉黄土剖面,其磁化率特征与黄土高原黄土相同,而海拔850 m处塔勒德黄土剖面的磁化率特征则与黄土高原相反.对两个剖面黄土-古土壤磁化率特征等分析研究认为,造成两个剖面S1古土壤磁化率差异的主要原因是末次间冰期土壤发育时期前者降水量大于后者.     

2000～2018年黄土高原沙尘天气遥感监测及尘源分析

利用19年（2000~2018）MODIS L1B数据对黄土高原102次沙尘天气过程进行遥感监测与分析,以探究黄土高原沙尘天气发生的时空规律。结果表明,黄土高原沙尘天气呈减少趋势,沙尘频发季节为春季。黄土高原沙尘源地主要分布在其西北部,位于沙地和沙漠区、农灌区与黄土丘陵沟壑区、黄土高原沟壑区等生态脆弱的原生沙尘暴带。黄土高原典型的沙尘源为活动沙丘及丘间沙地、干涸湖泊河道和农田等,表明沙尘天气频发是由自然因素和人为因素共同导致的。沙尘天气的遥感监测捕捉了黄土高原沙尘活动的时空变化特征,高效地识别了沙尘源地和尘源类型,对黄土高原气候变化、生态环境变化研究和环境修复与评价具有重要指导意义。     

黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究进展

黄土高原是引人注目的生态环境脆弱区,它的历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究是其历史时期生态环境变迁研究的重要内容,也是黄土高原生态环境建设的基础性课题.回顾了黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究的过程,总结了研究取得的主要进展,指出了研究存在的不足和今后深化的方向.经过数十年的积累,黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究取得了重要的进展:较深入地研究了历史时期黄土塬区地貌演变的特征和规律,揭示了历史时期渭河河谷地貌的演变,研究了历史时期黄河中游的河道变迁,提出了黄土高原的侵蚀期,得出了历史时期黄土高原的土壤侵蚀历史、侵蚀速率.今后的研究应应用现代研究手段,以长时段、短周期、高分辨的研究为研究深化的方向.     

Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization

Global warming is predicted to be most pronounced at high latitudes, and observational evidence over the past 25 years suggests that this warming is already under way. One-third of the global soil carbon pool is stored in northern latitudes, so there is considerable interest in understanding how the carbon balance of northern ecosystems will respond to climate warming. Observations of controls over plant productivity in tundra and boreal ecosystems have been used to build a conceptual model of response to warming, where warmer soils and increased decomposition of plant litter increase nutrient availability, which, in turn, stimulates plant production and increases ecosystem carbon storage. Here we present the results of a long-term fertilization experiment in Alaskan tundra, in which increased nutrient availability caused a net ecosystem loss of almost 2,000 grams of carbon per square meter over 20 years. We found that annual aboveground plant production doubled during the experiment. Losses of carbon and nitrogen from deep soil layers, however, were substantial and more than offset the increased carbon and nitrogen storage in plant biomass and litter. Our study suggests that projected release of soil nutrients associated with high-latitude warming may further amplify carbon release from soils, causing a net loss of ecosystem carbon and a positive feedback to climate warming.     

Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming

The sensitivity of soil carbon to warming is a major uncertainty in projections of carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Experimental studies overwhelmingly indicate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition at higher temperatures, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils. However, recent findings have been cited as evidence against increased soil carbon emissions in a warmer world. In soil warming experiments, the initially increased carbon dioxide efflux returns to pre-warming rates within one to three years, and apparent carbon pool turnover times are insensitive to temperature. It has already been suggested that the apparent lack of temperature dependence could be an artefact due to neglecting the extreme heterogeneity of soil carbon, but no explicit model has yet been presented that can reconcile all the above findings. Here we present a simple three-pool model that partitions SOC into components with different intrinsic turnover rates. Using this model, we show that the results of all the soil-warming experiments are compatible with long-term temperature sensitivity of SOC turnover: they can be explained by rapid depletion of labile SOC combined with the negligible response of non-labile SOC on experimental timescales. Furthermore, we present evidence that non-labile SOC is more sensitive to temperature than labile SOC, implying that the long-term positive feedback of soil decomposition in a warming world may be even stronger than predicted by global models.     

Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie.

The latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a 1.4-5.8 degrees C average increase in the global surface temperature over the period 1990 to 2100 (ref. 1). These estimates of future warming are greater than earlier projections, which is partly due to incorporation of a positive feedback. This feedback results from further release of greenhouse gases from terrestrial ecosystems in response to climatic warming. The feedback mechanism is usually based on the assumption that observed sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature under current climate conditions would hold in a warmer climate. However, this assumption has not been carefully examined. We have therefore conducted an experiment in a tall grass prairie ecosystem in the US Great Plains to study the response of soil respiration (the sum of root and heterotrophic respiration) to artificial warming of about 2 degrees C. Our observations indicate that the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration decreases--or acclimatizes--under warming and that the acclimatization is greater at high temperatures. This acclimatization of soil respiration to warming may therefore weaken the positive feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate.     

Reconstruction and analysis of temporal and spatial variations in surface soil moisture in China using remote sensing

An ensemble method was used to combine three surface soil moisture products,retrieved from passive microwave remote sensing data,to reconstruct a monthly soil moisture data set for China between 2003 and 2010.Using the ensemble data set,the temporal and spatial variations of surface soil moisture were analyzed.The major findings were:(1) The ensemble data set was able to provide more realistic soil moisture information than individual remote sensing products;(2) during the study period,the soil moisture increased in semiarid regions and decreased in arid regions with anoverall drying trend for the whole country;(3) the soil moisture variation trends derived from the three retrieval products and the ensemble data differ from each other but all data sets show the dominant drying trend for the summer,and that most of the drying regions were in major agricultural areas;(4) compared with the precipitation trends derived from Global Precipitation Climatology Project data,it is speculated that climate change is a possible cause for the drying trend in semiarid regions and the wetting trend in arid regions;and (5) combining soil moisture trends with land surface temperature trends derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete,the study domain was divided into four categories.Regions with drying and warming trends cover 33.2%,the regions with drying and cooling trends cover 27.4%,the regions with wetting and warming trends cover 21.1% and the regions with wetting and cooling trends cover 18.1%.The first two categories primarily cover the major grain producing areas,while the third category primarily covers nonarable areas such as Northwest China and Tibet.This implies that the moisture and heat variation trends in China are unfavorable to sustainable development and ecology conservation.     

从MWP看20世纪全球变暖

气候变暖已引起全球的广泛关注,正确的认识当前的气候变化已成为亟待解决的问题．目前的主流观点虽然认为近几十年的升温是由人类活动导致的,但许多学者发现MWP时期的气温与现代相当甚至更暖．结合国内外学者对MWP的研究,对比了MWP与现代暖期的温暖程度,指出20世纪暖期并不是过去千年最暖的世纪,现代升温可能只是气候冷暖波动中的一次自然现象,是uA过后的正常回暖．因此对MWP的认识对于人们深入认识当前全球变暖的性质和原因,具有十分重要的意义．     

鸿雁研究概述

鸿雁（Anser cygruoles）是湿地环境的重要指示物种,2008年IUCN红色名录将其濒危等级由濒危级调整为易危级。鸿雁在我国东北地区和长江流域有分布,世界范围的越冬地主要集中在我国的长江流域,而由于近几年气候暖干化的影响,加上人类的干扰使鸿雁在我国东北地区的繁殖适宜生境锐减,繁殖种群数量数量下降。20世纪,国内外学者对鸿雁的研究主要局限于分布、生物学特征的简单描述上。直到近十年,相关研究工作者才渐渐展开对鸿雁生理解剖、疾病、生态习性及保护对策等方面进一步的深入研究,才为有效保护鸿雁提供了科学依据。     

世界珊瑚礁现状和威胁研究进展

鉴于珊瑚礁巨大的价值和面临全球气候变化严峻的威胁,珊瑚礁退化和发展前景一直是珊瑚礁研究的最中心议题。人类活动和气候变化已经导致珊瑚礁全球性衰退损失40%~50%。1998年全球珊瑚礁严重白化和2015—2017年延时最长全球珊瑚礁白化事件,一再证实全球变暖已经成为珊瑚礁可持续发展的主要威胁,现在扭转导致海洋水温升高的全球变暖的趋势是保护珊瑚礁的唯一希望。由科学家和慈善机构发起的2011年XL Catlin海景调查和2017年50礁倡议成为珊瑚礁管理保护的创新举措。但仍然需要更多的人认识珊瑚礁,热爱珊瑚礁,研究珊瑚礁,保护珊瑚礁。     

Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends

Human influence on climate has been detected in surface air temperature, sea level pressure, free atmospheric temperature, tropopause height and ocean heat content. Human-induced changes have not, however, previously been detected in precipitation at the global scale, partly because changes in precipitation in different regions cancel each other out and thereby reduce the strength of the global average signal. Models suggest that anthropogenic forcing should have caused a small increase in global mean precipitation and a latitudinal redistribution of precipitation, increasing precipitation at high latitudes, decreasing precipitation at sub-tropical latitudes, and possibly changing the distribution of precipitation within the tropics by shifting the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Here we compare observed changes in land precipitation during the twentieth century averaged over latitudinal bands with changes simulated by fourteen climate models. We show that anthropogenic forcing has had a detectable influence on observed changes in average precipitation within latitudinal bands, and that these changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural forcing. We estimate that anthropogenic forcing contributed significantly to observed increases in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, drying in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and tropics, and moistening in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and deep tropics. The observed changes, which are larger than estimated from model simulations, may have already had significant effects on ecosystems, agriculture and human health in regions that are sensitive to changes in precipitation, such as the Sahel.     

气候变化对云南省水资源影响研究进展综述

全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化已给全球水资源造成了巨大影响,气候变化对水资源的影响受到了国内外专家学者和各级领导的高度重视.简单回顾了国内外相关研究进展历程,着重论述了云南省观测到的气候变化事实,及气候变化对云南省河川径流量、河流泥沙、冰川和极端水文事件的影响,通过研究进展的综述,指出目前气候变化对云南省水资源研究中存在的问题,提出未来的研究方向,为气候变化下水资源适应性管理策略研究奠定基础.     

陕西渭北旱塬近43年气候暖干化研究

利用 1 95 5 - 1 997年陕西渭北地区 5个县、市的气温和降水资料 ,对近 43年来陕西渭北地区气候变化特征进行了分析 .结果表明 ,近 43年来 ,陕西渭北地区温度、降水的变化呈明显多重周期波动 ,年平均气温上升 ,降水量减少 ,变旱趋势明显 ,气候呈暖干化