The research of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluoroocatane sulfonate

As two kinds of emerging chemicals, the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） and perfluoroocatane sulfonate （PFOS） has been becoming a global environmental problem. Also, research of the transport, transfer, bioaccumulation in organism, and toxicology of these two kinds of pollutant is a hotspot in environmental sciences now. In this paper, we summarize and critically review the status and progress of PBDEs and PFOS exposure to human beings. Further, data analyses based on statistical methods are done to study the characters of PBDEs and PCBs concentrations in different regions in the world.     

Molecular hydrogen isotope analysis of living and fossil plants—Metasequoia as an example

Molecular hydrogen isotope analysis preformed on modern and fossil plants has made a significant impact on diverse research fields in biology and geology. Using living and fossil Metasequoia as an example, we review the technology of online GC-IRMS that made the molecular analysis of hydrogen isotope possible and discuss critical issues concerning with the studies of molecular dD and its applications. The apparent hydrogen fractionation factors between lipid molecules and source water (ewater–lipid) vary across plant taxonomy and differ among biomolecules and are affected by multiple environmental factors in which precipitation dD values exercise the first order of control. Eco-physiological factors and environmental parameters are also known to influence dD in plants. Molecular hydrogen isotope analysis of chemically stable lipid molecules, such as n-alkanes, finds a wide range of applications in detecting source sediments, reconstruction of paleoclimatic parameters, inference of air-mass trajectory, as well as in petroleum industry and environmental studies.     

THE EVOLUTION OF FIBERLINE TECHNOLOGY IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL LIGHT

BACKGROUNDIt is easy to believe that environmental care is just a modern fashion, but the fact is that much has been done over the years to improve the environmental operation of pulp mills. To economise with chemicals, steam, equipment, water etc. has always been a concern of the pulping industry and its suppliers. This means that a continuous striving to develop processes with better care for the environment has always been present. The reasons have thus been not only economic, but also …     

THE ENDOMORPHISM RINGS OF SOME MODULES

In this paper, we use r_B, l_M, S_M, I_B to determine some relationships between the structure of the module R~M and the stracture of the ring B for a double R~M_B, where M is a faithful module. If B=End (R~M) , then we get some properties of the endomorphism ring of the modules.     

Predicting the potential distribution of invasive exotic species using GIS and information-theoretic approaches： A case of ragweed （Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.） distribution in China

Invasive exotic species pose a growing threat to the economy,public health,and ecological integrity of nations worldwide. Explaining and predicting the spatial distribution of invasive exotic species is of great importance to prevention and early warning efforts. We are investigating the potential distribution of invasive exotic species,the environmental factors that influence these distributions,and the ability to predict them using statistical and information-theoretic approaches. For some species,detailed presence/absence occurrence data are available,allowing the use of a variety of standard statistical techniques. However,for most species,absence data are not available. Presented with the challenge of developing a model based on presence-only information,we developed an improved logistic regres-sion approach using Information Theory and Frequency Statistics to produce a relative suitability map. This paper generated a variety of distributions of ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) from logistic regression models applied to herbarium specimen location data and a suite of GIS layers including climatic,topographic,and land cover information. Our logistic regression model was based on Akaike's Information Criterion(AIC) from a suite of ecologically reasonable predictor variables. Based on the results we provided a new Frequency Statistical method to compartmentalize habitat-suitability in the native range. Finally,we used the model and the compartmentalized criterion developed in native ranges to “project” a potential distribution onto the exotic ranges to build habitat-suitability maps.     

Influence of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment evolution

As one of the most important geological events in Cenozoic era,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has had profound influences on the Asian and global climate and environment evolution.During the past four decades,many scholars from China and abroad have studied climatic and environmental effects of the TP uplift by using a variety of geological records and paleoclimate numerical simulations.The existing research results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of Asian monsoon changes and interior aridification,but so far there are still a lot of issues that need to be thought deeply and investigated further.This paper attempts to review the research on the influence of the TP uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment,summarize three types of numerical simulations including bulk-plateau uplift,phased uplift and sub-regional uplift,and especially to analyze regional differences in responses of climate and environment to different forms of tectonic uplifts.From previous modeling results,the land-sea distribution and the Himalayan uplift may have a large effect in the establishment and development of the South Asian monsoon.However,the formation and evolution of the monsoon in northern East Asia,the intensified dryness north of the TP and enhanced Asian dust cycle may be more closely related to the uplift of the main body,especially the northern part of the TP.In this review,we also discuss relative roles of the TP uplift and other impact factors,origins of the South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon,feedback effects and nonlinear responses of climatic and environmental changes to the plateau uplift.Finally,we make comparisons between numerical simulations and geological records,discuss their uncertainties,and highlight some problems worthy of further studying.     

The impact of biofuel plantation on biodiversity: a review

Because plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organisms, biomass production as an energy source can help to reduce the world＇s reliance on fossil energy and mitigate global warming. Biofuel production is a fast-growing industry that represents a new type of large-scale human disturbance on ecosystems. Thus, the benefits of biofuel production bring environmental risks that include its potential impact on biodiversity, which is still an open question. In this review, we start first with a brief overview of the evolution of biofuel concept; second, we review the state of biofuel production across the continents, with a major emphasis on the main species used and their major feedstock. For which, we found significant differences for land use and environmental cultural management of biofuel plantation between tropical and temperate regions. Third, we summarize the impacts of biofuel plantation on biodiversity at multiple scales, based on the case studied with respect to the corresponding issues. At the genetic level, introgression and contamination by aggressive genotypes are a primary risk. At the species level, habitat pollution, degradation, and disturbance caused by intensive management of biofuel plantation significantly raise the risk of habitat fragmentation, native extinction, and bio-invasion. At the ecosystem level, the large-scale homogeneous landscape of biofuel plantation results in simplified community and food web that severely damage ecosystem services, including ecosystem diversity. Finally, we compare the current and potential benefits and risks of biofuel plantations for the practical application of a biofuel industry of China. We emphasize the land use constraint from food security and biodiversity conservation, and the need for scientific research and systematic monitoring as a critical support for the sustainable development of biofuel production in China.     

DETERMINATION OF THE ASSEMBLING POSITION OF A PLANAR LINKAGE MECHANISMS

In planar linkage mechanisms,when dimensions of the mechanisms and one position of inputlink are given,there are,in general,two or more corresponding positions of output link even withthe dimensions of all links unchangable.So,prior to the analysis and synthesis of the mechanisms,we should determine the necessary assembling position.This paper presents a method to solve thisproblem for a sort of planar linkage mechanisms and provides a very simple rule for pivot four-barlinkage mechanism.     

THE THINNING EFFECT OF ION IMPLANTATION

In this paper,we shall study in detail the change regularities of surface roughness parameters intwo and three dimensions under some implantation conditions.And a computer is used to calcu-late and analyze the topographies of the surfaces before and after ion implantation,therefore themechanism of the changes of surface topographies and that of wear resistance after implantationscan be understood further.     

A supramolecular gel based on an adenine symmetrically grafted Anderson-type polyoxometalate complex

An Anderson-type polyoxometalate was covalently decorated by using adenine on both sides.Through cation substitution,we obtained a new hybrid building block with long alkyl chains for supramolecular gels.According to the synergetic effect of hydrogen bonding of inter adenine units and van der Waals interaction of side alkyl chains,the DODA 3 [A-MnMo 6-A] gelator can stabilize solvent and self-assemble into fibrous structure,forming supramolecular gel.In addition,the reversible sol-gel transformation was achieved by controlling environmental temperature.Scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the gel morphology and structure.As a result,we proposed the possible mechanism of gel formation and sol-gel transformation.     

Response of tree-ring width to rainfall gradient along the Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China

By comparing the long-term tree-ring growths at various geographic scales, we can make clear the effects of environmental variations on tree growth, and get an understanding of the responses of forest ecosystems to the possible changes in global and regional climate. Radial tree-ring growth of Picea schrenkiana and its relationship to air temperature and precipitation were investigated across longi- tude transects on the north slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China. Tree-ring samples were collected and residual chronologies were developed for three different regions along a gradient of decreasing precipitation from west to east. Response-function analysis was conducted to quantify the relationships between tree-ring chronologies and climate variables, such as monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation from 1961 to 1998, using the PRECON software program. The statistical characteristics of the chronologies showed that the three chronologies constructed in this study con- tained significant environmental signals and were well suitable to reveal the impacts of climatic change on tree growth and forest productivity. Annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites, but the variability was greatest in the east. This research showed that the growth trends of Picea schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains have not followed a uniform pattern. Response-function analy- sis indicated that there were significant correlations between tree growth and climatic factors in all the three regions, among which precipitation was the principal. With decreasing precipitation, the response of tree-ring widths to increasing temperature changed from a positive to a negative correlation. As for precipitation, the positive relationship to tree-ring width always dominates. It could be expected that with increased temperature and decreased precipitation, the importance of precipitation to tree growth would increase, and the response of tree growth to environmental changes would also increase. This study emphasizes the importance of regional-scale investigations into the biosphere-climate interac- tions. The results of this research indicated a substantial increment of tree-ring radial growth as a re- sult of warmer and wetter climate in the eastern regions. However, climate change will have less effect on forest growth and primary production in the western regions.     

STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF SELFFIXED SIZING AGENT

INTRODUCTIONThe conversion from acid to neutral papermaking will bring about great economic and environmental benefit. A new kind of neutral sizing agent with fine quality and low price can accelerate the conversation.WSF-Sizing Agent is a new kind of waterproof agent especially for paper tableware. It is a high polymer waterproof material coming from the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, propenyl nitrile and cation monomer. The uses of technology focus on the emulsion polymerizati…     

Applications of stable isotopes to study plant-animal relationships in terrestrial ecosystems

As natural tracers, stable isotopes have been extensively used in plant physiological, ecological and environmental research. Recently, animal physiological ecologists have also applied stable isotope techniques to study plantanimal relationships. The isotopic compositions of animal body generally reflect and integrate their diets over a time period ranging from hours to years to the lifetime of an individual. When animal living habitat changes or animals move to a new environment, the animal isotopic compositions will shift accordingly. Thus, stable isotope signatures of an animal can truly reflect its food sources, habitat, distribution and movement patterns during a given time period. Moreover, by analyzing animal-tissue isotopic compositions at different temporal scales, we can improve our understanding of animal adaptation to environmental changes. Stable isotope technique also provides an ideal tool to study animal foodweb relationship and community structure because of isotopic fractionation during the processes of nutrient assimilation by animals. Stable isotope technique can continuously measure animal trophic position in a foodweb, which can eventually reveal the predator-prey relationship and its role in determining matter balance and energy flow in the entire ecosystem. Stable isotope technique has been one of the most important and efficient tools in studying plant-animal relationship. In this paper, we first review recent advances in the application of stable isotope techniques to plant-animal relationship research then evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, and finally discuss some future directions associated with stable isotope applications to plant-animal relationship research.     

THE DESIGN OF A NEW OUTSIDE TYPE CONJUGATE CAMS FOR SHEDDING MECHANISM

In the usual shedding mechanism of a weaving loom, the conjugate type of cams can be designed precisely according to any regular pattern sequence of heald frame motion to suit the weaving technological requirements. As this mechanism is also quite simple, with smaller cam size and better technological function, it is therefore very important and worthwhile to study this type of conjugate cams. In this paper, we try to analyze the defects of the traditional and some abroad type outside conjugate cams shedding mechanism, and propose a new improved design of this type of conjugate cams and then work it out finally.     

ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING SECONDARY FIBER DEINKING

1.INTRDUCTIONChina is a country which lack of abundant wood material for papermaing,the nonwood fiber has been the main material in many pulping and papermaking factories in China. Presently, because of environmental and economic reasons, the nonwood fiber pulping especially wheat straw and rice straw pulping have been restricted in some area, and the nonwood pulping is face to a atrophy situation gradually in some area in China. Waste paper is a important secondary fiber material for Chi…     

STUDY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM HCP CRYSTAL SHAPE BY THE ISING MODEL

The Ising model is used to investigate (0001), (10 10), (10 1l) interfaces, etc. , for the hcp lattice. The system studied here have the nearest-neighbor (NN) and next-nearest-neighbor(NNN)pair interactions. The interface energy, interface phase transition at zero temperature and roughening temperature are used to analyse the properties of these interfaces. As a special case of the hcp crystals, we give the equilibrium shape of the~4 He crystal at T=OK.     

Organic photovoltaic cells: Novel organic semiconducting materials and molecular arrangement engineering

Organic photovoltaic cells(OPVs) have attracted more and more attention due to its highly potential application to solve the energy crisis considering its advantages,such as low cost and ease of large area production.The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of OPVs has undergone a more than nine-fold increase from ～1.0% by Tang in 1986 to 9.2% in 2010 announced by Mitsubishi Chemical.The major challenges of obtaining high efficiency OPVs are the synthesis of new narrow band gap materials,controlling molecular arrangement,designing novel configuration cells for better photon harvesting in the active layer.In the article,we summarized the recent progress of novel narrow band gap photovoltaic materials and the effective methods to control the morphology of donor and acceptor in the blend films for high performance of OPVs.     

煤田火灾的形成机理及其探测和控制技术

Coalfield fires are considered a global crisis that contributes significantly to environmental destruction and loss of coal resources and poses a serious threat to human safety and health. In this paper, research related to the initiation, development, and evolution of coalfield fires is reviewed. The existing detection and control techniques of coalfield fires are also reviewed. Traditional firefighting is associated with waste of resources, potential risks of recrudescence, potential safety hazards, extensive and expensive engineering works, and power shortages. Recently, coalfield fires have been recognized as having significant potential for energy conservation and heat energy recovery. Thermoelectric power generation is regarded as a suitable technology for the utilization of heat from coalfield fires. The extraction of heat from coalfield fires can also control coalfield fires and prevent reignition leading to combustion. Technologies for absorbing heat from burning coal and overlying rocks are also analyzed. In addition, the control mode of “three-region linkage” is proposed to improve firefighting efficiency. Integrating heat energy recovery with firefighting is an innovative method to control coalfield fires.     

Asymmetric Synthesis Using Enzymes in Supercritical CO2

Great efforts have been extended to catalysis in supercritical CO2（scCO2） since the early 1990＇s due to the environmental friendliness, high diffusivity, high solubilizing power, easiness of the product separation, etc.. A combined process of scCO2 and enzymatic catalyst system would be a promising synthetic tool to produce optically active compounds because the enzyme has advantages of being natural and having high enantioselectivity in nature. Here we report asymmetric synthesis using lipase and alcohol dehydrogenase in scCO2.     

STUDY OF THE HEAT AND HUMIDITY TRANSFER PROCESSES BETWEEN AIR AND WATER IN THE AIR WASHER

The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air washer. We come to the conclusion that we can change these main factors to achieve different heat and humidity transfer processes and decide processes of heat and humidity transfer of air and water with the initial temperature of spraying water in the air washer. All these results can make things convenient for the air conditioning management.