航空煤油火焰蔓延脉动过程数值模拟研究

建立了航空煤油火焰脉动模型,并进行了数值模拟.根据航空煤油的活化能计算平均反应速率,参照火焰温度的实验测量结果,确定以最大燃烧化学反应速率0.077kg·m-3·s-1为航空煤油着火判据.通过对燃料蒸气浓度分布、速度矢量分布、反应速率分布和温度分布数值模拟结果的分析,将航空煤油火焰蔓延脉动过程划分为发展阶段和衰退阶段,并证明主火焰的着火方式主要包括扩散燃烧和预混燃烧,闪燃火焰为预混燃烧.建立了航空煤油火蔓延脉动频率预测模型.证明燃料初温低于闪点时,火焰脉动频率随T00.58正比增长;当燃料初温高于闪点时,脉动频率随T0正比增长.     

骤冷过程中高温燃烧产物化学特性试验研究

为了研究高温燃烧产物组份冻结和控制NO_x污染,利用碳氢燃料和氧化剂预混燃烧产生1800～2600 K的均质燃烧产物,研究其在骤冷过程中主要组份变化,平均骤冷速率约为(0.2～0.4)×10~6K/s。简述了干净碳氢燃料燃烧产物内NO_x的形成过程,并讨论了燃烧当量系数和富氧率对NO_x的影响。     

氢燃料微预混火焰燃烧不稳定性实验研究

该文针对一种自主设计的氢燃料微预混燃烧器，开展了常压下掺氢甲烷燃料微预混火焰燃烧不稳定性实验研究。从纯甲烷到纯氢气，研究了不同氢含量下NO_x排放、动态压力、火焰结构等燃烧特性，结果表明：该预混燃烧器具有较优异的低排放燃烧性能，可适应较宽氢含量燃料并实现稳定燃烧，其中纯氢燃料在绝热火焰温度1 850 K时NO_x不高于5μmol/mol(干基，15%O₂摩尔浓度);在氢含量为10%和20%时，氢燃料微预混火焰出现振荡燃烧现象，且激发更高阶的谐波；在更高氢含量下微混火焰出现高频脉动，但幅值较低。利用本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition, POD)方法对振荡工况进行分析，提取其模态的时间系数和空间分布特征，发现一阶模态都表现为与整体脉动主频相同的体积振荡，二阶模态都表现为轴向脉动，脉动频率是主频的2倍。随着氢含量进一步升高，轴向模态渐渐转变为火焰间相互作用。     

CO2/N2稀释对H2/CH4层流火焰传播特性的影响

利用本生灯-纹影系统实验研究含有CO₂，N₂的掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度，并应用GRI-3.0机理模拟计算不同组分预混燃气绝热火焰温度、敏感性系数及重要自由基浓度等，详细讨论CO₂，N₂的稀释效应.研究表明，GRI-3.0机理能较好地预测掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度；CO₂，N₂稀释组分会显著抑制掺氢天然气层流预混火焰速度及其绝热火焰温度；与N₂相比，CO₂不仅具有较强的热力学效应，且随着CO₂稀释比的增加，火焰中重要自由基H浓度显著减少，抑制氧化反应H+O₂O+OH对燃烧的主导促进效应，使预混燃料的层流火焰传播速度显著降低.     

当量比对二甲醚氧化分解过程的影响

为了研究当量比对二甲醚(DME)氧化分解过程的影响,利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离及分子束取样质谱技术,并结合CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件对不同燃料氧气当量比下的低压预混层流DME/O2/Ar火焰进行了实验和数值模拟研究。测量和计算了不同当量比DME火焰中主要物种及主要中间物种的摩尔分数空间分布曲线,分析了当量比对DME火焰结构及燃料的氧化分解路径的影响。结果表明:甲醛和甲基是DME燃烧过程中最主要的中间物种;火焰中DME主要通过脱氢反应消耗,使DME产生脱氢反应的原子和原子团主要有H、OH、CH3和O,当量比不同则各基团在DME脱氢反应中的影响也不相同;DME的脱氢产物甲氧基甲基极不稳定,在火焰中一经生成就马上被消耗,其主要通过裂解反应消耗,在氧气过量的情况下,一小部分甲氧基甲基会发生加氧反应而被暂存起来。     

异辛烷掺混乙醇在高温下层流预混燃烧特性的研究

利用高速纹影摄像系统,在定容燃烧弹上对异辛烷掺混乙醇的层流预混燃烧特性进行了研究,获得了两组压力为0.1、0.5MPa,5组乙醇体积掺混比为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0,初始温度为433K下的层流火焰速率。为了去除火焰面拉伸作用的影响,数据处理采用非线性方法进行推导。研究结果表明,在不同当量比条件下,异辛烷/乙醇混合燃料的层流火焰速率均随初始压力的增加而降低,随乙醇体积掺混比的增加而逐渐增大。根据一步总反应假设理论,对该实验规律进行了分析,并且计算了热力学参数、输运特性参数和总体活化能,发现了化学反应动力学因素对层流燃烧速率的变化所起的主导作用。利用Chemkin软件,对预混层流燃烧速率进行了数值模拟,结果表明,Dagaut模型对异辛烷/乙醇混合燃料的预测效果更好。另外,采用Dagaut模型,对总体反应路径和火焰面结构进行了分析,发现乙醇的替代作用是乙醇掺入后对混合燃料层流燃烧速率起促进作用的原因。     

气体协流水雾作用下层流预混火焰拉伸规律

在气体协流管式燃烧器研究的基础上,利用高速纹影系统对细水雾作用下层流预混火焰拉伸、熄火规律进行了实验研究,并分析了细水雾抑制气体预混火焰的条件.实验结果表明：火焰面拉伸规律与燃料浓度、气体流量以及水雾雾滴直径有关;对于大滴径协流水雾,水雾载荷比越小,火焰面拉伸现象越明显.     

直流电场对甲烷/氨/空气预混层流火焰的影响

为了初步探究直流电场对氨/碳氢混合燃料燃烧特性的影响,在定容燃烧弹台架上开展正、负直流电场对甲烷/氨/空气预混层流火焰传播特性影响的研究。实验分为两部分:在常温常压条件下,保持过量空气系数不变,改变甲烷/氨混合气中氨的掺混比,对不同配比的甲烷/氨/空气混合气分别加载正、负直流电场;保持氨在甲烷/氨混合气中的掺混比不变,对不同过量空气系数的甲烷/氨/空气混合气分别加载正、负直流电场。实验处理后得到各工况下火焰传播发展图像、平均火焰传播速度、速度提高率、完全燃烧时间和完全燃烧时间提前率。结果表明:负直流电场比正直流电场促进火焰传播效果略强,负直流电场对火焰的拉伸近似为圆角矩形而正直流电场近似为梭形,且拉伸效果随氨的掺混比增加以及过量空气系数的增大而增强;正、负直流电场能够加快火焰传播速度,缩短完全燃烧时间,且促进效果随着电压增大而增加;两种电场的促进效果都会随着氨掺混比增加和过量空气系数的增大而增强。本实验说明,高压直流电场对促进氨/碳氢混合燃料的稀薄燃烧有明显提升作用。     

合成气纯氧高压预混湍流火焰结构研究

为了理解高压下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰中火焰与流动的耦合作用,利用OH-PLIF激光测量技术开展了高压条件下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰结构研究,获得了高压下预混湍流火焰前锋面结构,得到了火焰前锋面尺度信息,包括火焰体积、火焰面密度和火焰前锋面尺度,并分析了预混湍流火焰前锋面与湍流尺度和层流火焰尺度的相互作用关系.研究结果表明:高压预混湍流火焰前锋面为褶皱火焰面结构,火焰面为小尺度的尖峰结构和大尺度的树干状结构互相叠加;合成气火焰前锋面结构比甲烷混合气火焰更加精细,尺度更小;合成气预混湍流火焰体积较小,放热区较小,在预混贫燃燃气轮机燃烧室中容易产生燃烧振荡;合成气和甲烷火焰在湍流燃烧速率上表现出不同的转折规律,这可以通过火焰前锋面尺度和火焰自身不稳定性尺度来解释;湍流流动对火焰前锋面的扰动受到火焰自身不稳定尺度的限制.     

典型富氢燃料气预混火焰的熄灭特性

宽燃料适应性是先进燃气轮机的重要设计要求之一,燃用来源广泛的富氢燃料气是燃气轮机未来发展的重要方向,因此富氢燃料气的湍流火焰熄火特性应成为燃气轮机燃烧室设计过程中重点关注的问题。该文通过使用优化的对冲火焰实验方法和数值模拟计算方法,比较了2种典型的富氢燃料气在层流和湍流燃烧状态下的熄灭拉伸率,并分析了贫燃侧2种燃料预混火焰熄灭拉伸率差异的主要原因。结果表明：在该文研究的工况范围内,采用数值模拟方法可较好地预测层流和湍流火焰的熄灭拉伸率。在层流燃烧状态下,火焰锋面内活性自由基H、 O和OH的物质的量浓度相对更高的富氢燃料气,其火焰锋面内部的关键化学反应速率和释放热量的速度更高,因此能抵抗更高程度的火焰拉伸形变。湍流作用加快了火焰锋面内部的反应速率,但同时会使热量更快地从火焰锋面内部向外输运,相比于层流火焰,湍流火焰熄灭拉伸率降低。     

A brief introduction to National Laboratory for Superconductivity, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

In line with the rapid development of research on high-temperature superconductors, the establishment of a National Laboratory for Superconductivity in the Institute of Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was ratified by the State Commission of Development & Planning (SCDP) in 1987. The preparations were started in 1988, and in April of 1991,the Laboratory was finally established, accepted and listed as a National Laboratory open to both domestic and foreign researchers. After the joint appraisal and acceptance by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Science & Technology, it was honored with a title of the Outstanding National Laboratory in 2000.     

美国国家实验室钚气溶胶研究进展

 钚气溶胶主要来源于核武器试验与核反应堆事故,这两种方式产生的粒子直径差异较大。钚气溶胶研究在核试验数据分析、核武器扩散监督、核取证分析、核安全监测、核能源开发等方面意义重大。本文综述了洛斯-阿拉莫斯（LANL）、劳伦斯-利弗莫尔（LLNL）、桑迪亚（SNL）、太平洋西北（PNNL）、橡树岭（ORNL）、阿贡（ANL）、爱达荷（INL）等7个美国国家实验室对钚气溶胶物化性能的相关研究进展,涉及气溶胶特性表征、动力学粒径分布、滞留时间、仪器分析、收集与取样、形成机理等内容。研究现状表明,钚气溶胶在不同场景下的物化行为数据有限,实验验证难度大,仍然是一个充满挑战的难题。     

Asynchronous parallel evolutionary algorithms for constrained optimizations

Recently Guo Tao proposed a stochastic search algorithm in his PhD thesis for solving function optimization problems. He combined the subspace search method (a general multi-parent recombination strategy) with the population hill-climbing method. The former keeps a global search for overall situation, and the latter keeps the convergence of the algorithm. Guo's algorithm has many advantages, such as the simplicity of its structure, the higher accuracy of its results, the wide range of its applications, and the robustness of its use. In this paper a preliminary theoretical analysis of the algorithm is given and some numerical experiments has been done by using Guo's algorithm for demonstrating the theoretical results. Three asynchronous parallel evolutionary algorithms with different granularities for MIMD machines are designed by parallelizing Guo's Algorithm. National Laboratory for Parallel and Distributed Processing Foundation item: Supported by the Natonal Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 70071042, 50073043), the National 863 Hi-Tech Project of China (No. 863-306-ZT06-06-3) and the National Laboratory for Parallel and Distributed Processing. Biography: Kang Li-shan (1934-), male, Professor, research interests: parallel computing and evolutionary computation.     

CMOS/SOI工艺触发器单元的单粒子实验验证与分析

针对定制设计中的触发器单元,提出了一种双移位寄存器链单粒子实验验证方法,利用该方法对基于0.35μm CMOS/SOI工艺、普通结构设计的抗辐射触发器,分别在北京串列加速器核物理国家实验室和兰州重离子加速器国家实验室进行了单粒子实验.实验结果表明,该抗辐射触发器不仅对单粒子闩锁效应免疫,而且具有非常高的抗单粒子翻转的能力.      

Some massively parallel algorithms from nature

We introduced the work on parallel problem solvers from physics and biology being developed by the research team at the State Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Wuhan University. Results on parallel solvers include the following areas: Evolutionary algorithms based on imitating the evolution processes of nature for parallel problem solving, especially for parallel optimization and model-building; Asynchronous parallel algorithms based on domain decomposition which are inspired by physical analogies such as elastic relaxation process and annealing process, for scientific computations, especially for solving nonlinear mathematical physics problems. All these algorithms have the following common characteristics: inherent parallelism, self-adaptation and self-organization, because the basic ideas of these solvers are from imitating the natural evolutionary processes. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60133010, No. 70071042, No. 60073043) and National Laboratory for Parallel and Distributed Processing Biography: Li Yan (1974-), female, Ph. D candidate, research direction: evolutionary computation.     

The Important Research Institutions in the Huazhong University of Science and Technology

The Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) was co-established by the Ministry of Education, Hubei Provincial Government and the Wuhan Municipal Government. It was among the first five national laboratories authorized in November 2003 by the Ministry of Science and Technology, which also approved the feasibility plan for its construction in November 2006. The Laboratory is managed by Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) and collaborates with the Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications (WRI), the Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics (WIPM), which is affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics.
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Search for new antiphytovirucides

A convenient method to synthesize substituted 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazoles is reported. Six title compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of salicylic acid and 4-substituted0-phenylenediamine in the presence pyridine-POCl₃. Three compounds were tested as plant virucide against tobacco mosaic virus and they exhibited some activities. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and National Laboratory of Elemento Organic Chemistry of Naikai University Huang Xiaoling: born in 1938, Professer     

State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission

1 General introduction The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission (SLMT), located at Chongqing University,was founded upon the approval of the State Planning Commission in 1988, and began to open to scholarsat home and abroad in August 1990 and passed the approval check in 1991. Since then, a great deal offruits have been reaped in scientific researches, personnel training and academic exchange. In 1997, itpassed the evaluation organized by the National Natural Science Foundation of China entrusted by theState Planning Commission and the State Science and Technology Commission. Now, Prof. Qin Datong isthe director of the laboratory. Academicians Lei Tianjue and Zhang Qixian are the honorary chairmen andAcademician Yang Shuzi holds the chairman post of the Laboratory' s Academic Committee which consistsof 18 famous experts in the field of mechanical engineering. There are six doctoral supervisors in the Lab-oratory: Prof. Liang Xichang, Prof. Zhang Guanghui, Prof. Li Runfang, Prof. Liu Fei, Prof. Qin Da-tong and Prof. Wei Yunlong. There are 25 permanent staff members altogether, including 20 researchers(16 with senior technical title, 4 with middle technical title), 3 technicians and 2 administrators. 2 Major research areas The main research areas of the Laboratory include: (i) basic theory and application of mechanicaltransmission, including gear geometry, failure theory, manufacturing technology, establishment of newdrive systems and design estimating systems; (ii) modem transmission theory and technology, includingcombination of mechanical transmission with new technology and high technology such as micro-electron-ics, computer, automatic controlling, etc; (iii) information and controlling of machinery and transmis-sion system such as integrated system of computer aided engineering, computer integrated manufacturingsystem, fault diagnosis and state monitoring. In recent years, 13 national key projects, 9 national hightechnology development program projects, as well as 2 key projects and 37 general projects supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) have been undertaken in the Laboratory.     

Search for new antiphytovirucides

The lead compound of substituted 2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazoles were modified by phosphorylation sulfonation and carboxymethylation. The benzimidazoloamidophosphate (6) (7) have better activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The benzimidazolophenoxyacetic acid, phenoxysulfonic acid containing trifluoromethyl, and nitro group have 77%≈85% efficiency for wheat rust disease. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Laboratory of Elemento Organic Chemistry Nankai University Qu Fanqi: born in 1952, Associate professor     

农学类专业遗传学实验课程改革的探索

依托作物遗传育种国家重点学科的学科优势和作物遗传改良国家重点实验室的科研优势,从教学计划与教学内容、考核方式与评价方法、教学方法与手段、教学条件等方面对农科类本科生遗传学实验课程进行改革,为提高大学生综合素质和科研创新能力的培养进行了实践性的尝试。