并联混合动力挖掘机系统建模及控制策略仿真

分析了以超级电容和ISG(integrated starter generator)电机组成辅助动力源、电机驱动回转为特征的并联混合动力挖掘机系统;提出了发动机双模式转矩均衡控制策略,以负载工况与超级电容SOC(state of charge,荷电状态)为决策依据,实现发动机工作点的自适应调节.在特定工作点下,以转矩均衡控制策略替代传统的转速感应控制,系统转速更加稳定.ISG电机可以均衡发动机转矩,使其工作于高效率区.另外,利用回转驱动电机实现回转势能的再生利用.建立并联混合动力挖掘机系统的Simulink仿真模型.结果表明,该控制策略适用于挖掘机并联混合动力系统,具有显著的节能性.     

混合动力挖掘机回转制动能量回收系统建模与试验研究

为了回收液压挖掘机回转阶段的制动能量,对挖掘机典型作业工况及能耗进行分析,设计一种以液压马达+电机为回收方式、超级电容为储能元件的回转制动能量回收方案。构建回转制动能量回收系统中发动机、电机、回收马达、超级电容等关键元件数学模型,在对回转运动状态确认与能量回收模式切换、回收电机力矩输出控制和超级电容SOC判断的基础上,建立能量回收系统的仿真模型,以挖掘机实际载荷谱为输入对系统能量回收效果进行仿真分析。搭建挖掘机回转制动能量回收系统试验平台,对该试验系统的能量回收效果和回转驱动性能进行试验研究。研究结果表明:该能量回收方案可行,在不影响挖掘机回转驱动性能的同时,平台回转制动能量回收效率可达到40%以上。     

并联式液压混合动力车辆能量控制策略

阐述了并联式液压混合动力车辆的结构原理,论述了液压再生系统的选型.为使并联式液压混合动力系统各部件之间协调工作以提高整车性能,针对液压混合动力系统各部件的工作特点,以发动机效率曲线和液压泵/马达效率曲线为主要依据,设计了基于逻辑门限的能量控制策略,实时地控制混合动力系统的能量分配,实现混合动力系统的不同工作模式及模式间的动态切换.分析了功率门限值、充压功率等参数对能量控制策略的影响,以系统节能效果最佳为原则优化出最佳参数的设定值.仿真研究表明,基于逻辑门限的能量控制策略能够实现各种工作模式间的合理切换,在满足车辆动力性能指标的前提下,有效地提高车辆的燃油经济性.     

并联式混合动力城市公交车动力系统参数匹配

针对一种并联式混合动力城市公交车的动力系统进行参数匹配和设计.该混合动力公交车的能量存储系统采用超级电容和镍氢动力蓄电池的双能量存储器,变速器采用机械式自动变速器(AMT),电动机和发动机之间的耦合系统采用单向超越离合器以及耦合箱.这种耦合系统不用电动化的附件,可有效降低生产成本.计算机仿真和实车试验结果表明,混合动力公交车的动力性与原型车相当,经济性与原型车相比提高20%以上,排放达到欧Ⅲ排放标准.达到了预期开发设计的目标.     

混合动力挖掘机的建模与控制策略研究

以实现节能为目的,提出了一种应用于并联式混合动力液压挖掘机动力系统的控制策略。分析了该系统各个部分的结构,用AMEsim软件建立了其仿真模型,在MATLAB/Simulink中建立其动力系统控制策略模型,并进行联合仿真。该控制策略以发动机燃油经济性为优化变量,在工作中通过比较SOC值以及负载功率与发动机功率限值来确定发动机工作功率。仿真结果表明,该控制策略在轻载及重载两种工况下均能使发动机保持较好的燃油经济性,有利于系统的高效稳定工作。     

叉车混合动力驱动和能量回收系统研究

针对传统内燃叉车油耗大、效率低、排放污染严重、电动叉车电池续航能力差、能量回收效率低等问题,提出了一种油-电混合式叉车混合动力驱动和能量回收系统结构,以实现叉车系统节能的目的。为分析该系统的节油性能以及能量回收效率,以某型3吨叉车为研究对象,对发动机、电机、超级电容进行参数设计,在AMEsim中建立仿真模型,并对仿真模型进行试验验证,验证结果表明仿真模型误差在10％之内,系统方案具有20.8％的节能效果,超级电容可有效回收叉车货叉下降时的势能和制动动能。并通过进一步分析电机回收力矩对回收效率的影响,为系统的控制策略优化提供依据。     

用于纯电驱液压挖掘机的双向DC/DC变换器储能系统

为进一步提高纯电驱液压挖掘机的能量利用率且降低电源功率波动,针对变转速纯电驱液压挖掘机的动力系统,使用非隔离双向DC/DC变换器及超级电容组进行电力能量回收及利用。在SimulationX中,使用全纹波建模方法,建立了基于等效电阻的半桥变换器及超级电容组储能系统的模型,设计了各元件参数及其控制器,提出了一种适应性控制方法。仿真过程中,通过给定伺服电机设定的变转速信号及转矩信号模拟电机功率波动,使双向DC/DC变换器储能系统自动补偿或吸收电源功率。仿真结果表明,采用该控制器,在保证电机功率与超级电容效率的前提下,能够较好地维持恒定的输出电源功率,并能保证较快的动态响应及减小切换过程中的功率波动。     

汽车燃料电池/蓄电池混合动力实时功率优化控制

目的改善燃料电池混合动力汽车的燃料经济性,优化混合动力系统能量管理控制.方法采用燃料电池和镍氢蓄电池构成新能源混合动力系统,以最少等效燃料消耗为目标函数,建立了混合动力系统能量分配管理的数学模型,引入惩罚因子对蓄电池的SOC进行调控,HWFET驾驶循环工况优化了混合动力系统实时能量分配结果当SOC介于0.5和0.8之间时,混合动力系统进入瞬时优化能量管理策略;当SOC0.5时,混合动力系统由燃料电池供能并给蓄电池充电;当SOC0.8时,混合动力系统主要由蓄电池供能,动力不足情况下由燃料电池能量补充;在惩罚因子的作用下,SOC将处于一个合理区域,最终使混合动力系统处于最优能量分配管理状态.结论实时功率优化控制策略避免燃料电池处于低功率低效率输出,在燃料电池和蓄电池之间合理分配功率,提高了燃料经济性,同时惩罚因子的引入保证了SOC稳定性.     

液压混合动力挖掘机回转装置控制方式的研究

为了降低挖掘机的燃油消耗,提高整机作业效率,提出了一种基于液压混合动力技术的挖掘机动力系统节能方案.该方案采用液压泵/马达独立驱动回转装置,可保证发动机工作于最佳燃油工作区,同时结合挖掘机回转装置的作业工况,通过分析液压混合动力系统的特点,对回转装置的控制方式进行了设计.针对回转系统参数的不确定性,设计了智能比例-积分-微分(PID)的分段变结构控制器,并通过仿真和模拟试验平台验证了控制器的有效性和适用性.研究结果表明,智能PID转矩控制方式更适合于回转装置的作业要求,相对于转速控制方式,系统响应速度快,回转装置运动控制平稳,能量回收率高,达到了理想的控制效果.     

串联混合动力推土机能量管理策略

以提高整车的最小燃油消耗为控制目标,研究了串联混合动力推土机的能量管理策略。首先,根据双电机独立驱动的串联混合动力推土机结构,建立了发动机、发电机、电机及其控制器、超级电容、推土机动力学的数学模型;然后,基于发动机最佳燃油消耗功率曲线,提出一种恒温器式与功率跟随式相结合的能量管理控制策略;最后,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件,通过理论与试验相结合建模方法对串联混合动力推土机的整机和控制策略进行了仿真建模,利用130 s推土机的典型工况对动力源的能量分配和综合工况的经济性进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明:该策略可对发动机输出功率与超级电容充放电功率进行合理分配,满足整车功率需求,超级电容充放电次数明显减少且荷电状态(SOC)值在最佳工作区间内;混合动力发动机比原机型发动机燃油消耗率降低,发动机负载波动也明显减小,原机型发动机燃油消耗量为1 512 g,混合动力发动机燃油消耗量为1 358 g,其比原机型节油10.2%,整机燃油经济性得到明显提高。该方法是一种有效的串联混合动力推土机能量管理方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.