黑腹果绳杂合体中ADH杂二聚体的形成

研究了醇脱氢酶基因（Adh）诱变体与正常基因相互作用后的部分显性现象，所有8个由乙基亚硝基尿素（ENU）和1个X-射线诱变体仅为单碱基置换体，其余3个X-射线诱变体则为9～21个碱基的缺失体，这12个诱变体（除1个外）都能产生可测的突变体，其中7个不能与正常肽形成二聚体，聚事体酶活性约为正常纯合体的1/2，另4个形成二聚体，形成二聚体突变基因产物中所有氨基酸突变均发生在肽链182～194氨基酸区域，可见该区域对于二聚化不良是必需的，该序列可能是重要的催化表面功能区。     

水稻黄绿叶基因YGLOSH的定位克隆

本文利用~(60)Co γ射线诱变光温敏感型核不育系广占63S(GZ63S),在后代中获得一个稳定遗传的黄绿化叶色突变体黄广占63S,突变体从苗期至成熟期均显示叶片黄化特征.遗传分析表明该性状受一对隐性核基因控制,命名为yglosh.利用BSA方法分析突变体黄广占63S与正常绿叶对照蜀恢881构建的F2群体,将该黄化基因定位于水稻2号染色体分子标记RM279和Pm6之间,物理距离约68kb.定位区间的cDNA测序分析发现,突变体中LOC_Os02g05890基因发生单碱基突变,形成终止子提前终止该基因的翻译.转基因互补实验确定LOC_Os02g05890为目标基因,可能参与叶绿体发育或者叶绿素生物合成途径.     

中国多年生野生大豆Glycine亚属rbcS基因的结构和系统发生的研究

用PCR法从我国多年生野生大豆Glycine亚属的烟豆 (GlycinetabacinaBenth .)和多毛豆 (短绒野大豆GlycinetomentellaHayata)的总DNA中扩增到Rubisco小亚基基因 (rbcS) ,2个基因的顺序分析结果表明它们包含了 5 37bp长的编码区 ,其编码的 178肽的Rubisco小亚基前体由 5 5个氨基酸组成的前导肽和 12 3个氨基酸组成的成熟肽组成 .基因内有 2个内含子 .比较Glycine亚属内烟豆和多毛豆之间的rbcS间碱基同源性为94 5 % ,差别主要存在于内含子中 ;Soja亚属的G .soja和G .max之间该基因同源性高达 99 7% ,而Glycine亚属和Soja两亚属之间rbcS同源性则为 84 8% .从这 2个亚属内 4个种的rbcS成熟肽 12 3个氨基酸顺序可知 ,同一亚属内 2个种之间仅有 2～ 3个氨基酸不同 ,而Glycine亚属和Soja亚属之间差异增大至 5～ 6个氨基酸 .系统进化树分析也表明Glycine亚属与Soja亚属在进化过程中分离较早 ,这从分子水平上为大豆属的分类研究提供了科学的依据 .     

中介蝮蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶基因的生物信息学分析

采用生物信息学方法,对中介蝮蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶(GI-LAO)基因进行了分析。结果表明:GI-LAO基因所包含的开放阅读框为1 515bp,编码504个氨基酸残基;GI-LAO一级结构与白眉蝮GH-LAO的相似性最高,达99%;N-端的18个氨基酸残基为信号肽,成熟肽含486个氨基酸残基,相对分子质量为55.1kDa,理论等电点为6.55;该蛋白含有两个结构域:FAD结合域(56-123位氨基酸残基)和催化结构域(61~499位氨基酸残基);与白眉蝮GH-LAO序列比对发现,有4个氨基酸位点存在差异(分别是20、56、99和467位氨基酸残基),用SIFT软件分析表明,这四个位点对其功能无影响;该基因编码的氨基酸序列有2个活性位点(H242和R343),2个N-糖基化位点(N190和N379),5个位点(R108、H241、Y390、G482和W483)与底物结合有关,4个保守半胱氨酸残基形成两对二硫键(C28—C191和C349—C430);三维结构建模结果表明,GI-LAO形成同源二聚体,每个单体由22个α-螺旋,22个β-折叠股和一些无规则卷曲、转角等形成三个结构域:FAD结合域,底物结合域以及α-螺旋域;在GI-LAO蛋白的进化分析中,中介蝮GI-LAO与白眉蝮GHLAO的亲缘关系最近。     

一种新HDM2剪接变异体的cDNA克隆与序列分析

利用逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)分析癌基因HDM2在人宫颈癌Hela细胞中的表达.对克隆到的HDM2基因片段进行测序分析,从中筛选到一种新的HDM2剪接变异体.该剪接变异体阅读框由1 401 bp组成,预测编码466个氨基酸.与野生型HDM2相比,该变异体氨基酸序列的29-53位缺失,395住丝氨酸突变为苯丙氨酸,407位丝氨酸突变为半胱氨酸,其中缺失段29-53位于HDM2与p53相结合区域的上游部分.这可能影响HDM2与p53的相互作用,与p53的失活及癌细胞的转移相关.     

由过渡金属配合物修饰的硅钨多金属氧酸盐的合成与晶体结构

采用水热合成方法,得到了1种未见文献报道的过渡金属修饰的饱和Keggin 型硅钨多金属氧酸盐[Ni(2,2'-bipy)3]3{[Ni(2,2'-bipy)2(H2O)][SiW12O40]}2(OH)2 (2,2'-bipy=2,2'-联吡啶),并由X-射线单晶衍射确定了其晶体结构.化合物的基本单元由2个晶体学独立的阴离子{[Ni(2,2'-bipy)2 (H2O)][SiW12O40]} 2-、3个配离子[Ni(2,2'-bipy)3]2 及2个抗衡离子OH- 构成,在化合物中存在着复杂的氢键作用.在2个阴离子{[Ni(2,2'-bipy)2(H2O)][SiW12O40]}2-之间,通过分子间氢键形成二聚体,该二聚体进一步通过氢键形成链状超分子结构.     

胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段与exendin-4的亲和位点分析

通过易错PCR(epPCR)方法建立了一个鼠肺的胰高血糖素样肽1受体(GLP-1R)N端片段的噬菌体随机突变展示肽库.根据筛选出的突变体来分析突变后胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段(nGLP-1R)与exendin-4结合活性.实验结果显示:保守的半胱氨酸C26发生突变后并未引起nGLP-1R与其配体exendin-4结合能力的改变,第101位和108位氨基酸是nGLP-1R与exendin-4结合的潜在位点.     

人类Batten病基因CLN3及其突变的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法对与儿童蜡样质脂褐质沉积症(NCLs)相关基因CLN3的结构进行了深入的分析.根据CLN3的Mrna序列对其进行了染色体精确定位,确定CLN3的ORF及其外显子的位置;分析CLN3蛋白质(CLN 3P)结构特点和修饰位点,并明确近缘种及远缘种的保守区域和突变致病的关系.结果表明,CLN3位于人类16号染色体的短臂(16(p12.1～p11.2));基因全长为14804bp,包含15个外显子和14个内含子,ORF长度1317bp,编码438个氨基酸.蛋白质功能域分析表明,CLN 3P是一种分子量为43kDa的高度糖基化的溶酶体膜蛋白,该蛋白存在酰基化、糖基化和多种磷酸化修饰位点,在近缘的CLN 3P中存在高度保守的区域,进一步对10个远缘蛋白的多序列进行比对,发现了该蛋白质中最为保守的区域;45种CLN 3P的突变分析显示,主要的突变位于101、161～162、170、187、199、211、295、327、330、334、352等12个氨基酸位点,这些突变几乎发生在保守区域,突变还表现出一定的分布特点及地区差异,说明保守序列的突变是该疾病产生的重要原因,为该病的分子诊断提供了依据.     

10种昆虫过氧化氢酶基因的全基因组鉴定与特征预测

【目的】在全基因组水平上鉴定10种具有代表性昆虫的过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因,并对鉴定所得CAT基因的基本特征和系统发育关系分别进行预测和分析。【方法】在NCBI数据库中下载CAT氨基酸序列作为询问序列,通过本地Blast方法在10种昆虫全基因组水平搜索和鉴定CAT基因并命名。通过生物信息学方法预测10种昆虫CAT家族基因的特征、氨基酸同源序列一致率、保守结构域等。通过MEGA-X软件用最大似然法推断10种昆虫的CAT基因的系统发育。【结果】共鉴定得到23个CAT基因,内华达古白蚁(Zootermopsis nevadensis)、东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)、人虱(Pediculus humanus)、苜蓿蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)、茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha halys)、赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum)、黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)、家蚕(Bombyx mori)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)基因组上分别有3,1,1,1,4,3,2,1,6和1个CAT基因,均具有全长的转录组序列,编码406～553个氨基酸,氨基酸分子量为46.0～63.7kDa,等电点为5.21～9.19。鉴定得到的CAT基因共有122个外显子,99个内含子,且外显子与内含子分布模式在物种间差异较大而种内的CAT基因结构相似。有7个CAT基因编码有信号肽,信号肽包含17～22个氨基酸残基。所有CAT基因编码的氨基酸序列的N端具有1个由17个氨基酸组成的CAT近端活性区域,而C端由9个氨基酸组成的CAT血红素配体区域所组成;其中家蚕的BmCat2基因中单独含有1个细菌胞外溶质结合区域。10种昆虫的CAT1基因具有1∶1的直系同源关系,家蚕出现特异性扩增独立形成支系,与CAT1支系互为姐妹群。【结论】研究结果提供了10个代表性昆虫CAT基因的基础信息,为进一步开展该基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

尼罗罗非鱼Hepcidin基因结构与序列分析

Hepcidins是一类具有调节铁代谢功能的抗菌肽.利用RT-PCR、RACE和LA等技术,以尼罗罗非鱼[Oreochro-mis niloticus(Linnaens)]肝脏中分离和克隆到Hepcidin基因.其全长cDNA为505 bp(不包括polyA),5′端非翻译区有85 bp,3′非编码区为156 bp,阅读框为264 bp.其编码的氨基酸包括信号肽和前体肽等,前体肽进一步酶解产生22个氨基酸的活性肽,该活性肽具有Hepcidin基因家族特有8个半胱氨酸的保守序列.罗非鱼的Hepcidin基因结构包含3个外显子和2个内含子.本研究为今后阐明Hepcidin基因表达特性、表达产物理化性质、抗菌活性及其相关功能等奠定基础.     

Detection of single base substitutions in total genomic DNA

Certain single base substitutions causing genetic diseases or resulting in polymorphisms linked to mutant alleles, alter a restriction enzyme cleavage site and can therefore be detected in total genomic DNA using DNA blots. Many base substitutions do not lead to an altered restriction site, but these can be detected using synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes if the DNA sequence surrounding the base substitution is known. In the case of beta-thalassaemia, where 22 different single base mutations have been identified, a large number of probes would be required for diagnosis. An approach which was used to detect mutations in viral DNA involves the S1 nuclease treatment of heteroduplexes formed between wild-type and mutant DNA. Although certain single base mismatches are cleaved by S1 nuclease (ref. 11 and T. Shenk, personal communication), many other mismatches examined by this procedure are not cleaved (B. Seed, personal communication; R.M.M., unpublished data). Heteroduplexes between mutant and wild-type subgenomic fragments of double-stranded reovirus RNA migrate slower than the corresponding homoduplexes in polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea, but it is not known whether this method is applicable to DNA heteroduplexes containing single base mismatches. Here we describe a procedure that involves the electrophoretic separation of DNA heteroduplexes in a well-characterized gel system. We show that four different human beta-thalassaemia alleles with known single base mutations can be detected with as little as 5 micrograms of total genomic DNA. The method should be useful in the localization and diagnosis of mutations associated with genetic diseases.     

Interference among deleterious mutations favours sex and recombination in finite populations

Sex and recombination are widespread, but explaining these phenomena has been one of the most difficult problems in evolutionary biology. Recombination is advantageous when different individuals in a population carry different advantageous alleles. By bringing together advantageous alleles onto the same chromosome, recombination speeds up the process of adaptation and opposes the fixation of harmful mutations by means of Muller's ratchet. Nevertheless, adaptive substitutions favour sex and recombination only if the rate of adaptive mutation is high, and Muller's ratchet operates only in small or asexual populations. Here, by tracking the fate of modifier alleles that alter the frequency of sex and recombination, we show that background selection against deleterious mutant alleles provides a stochastic advantage to sex and recombination that increases with population size. The advantage arises because, with low levels of recombination, selection at other loci severely reduces the effective population size and genetic variance in fitness at a focal locus (the Hill-Robertson effect), making a population less able to respond to selection and to rid itself of deleterious mutations. Sex and recombination reveal the hidden genetic variance in fitness by combining chromosomes of intermediate fitness to create chromosomes that are relatively free of (or are loaded with) deleterious mutations. This increase in genetic variance within finite populations improves the response to selection and generates a substantial advantage to sex and recombination that is fairly insensitive to the form of epistatic interactions between deleterious alleles. The mechanism supported by our results offers a robust and broadly applicable explanation for the evolutionary advantage of recombination and can explain the spread of costly sex.     

多光子康普顿效应

运用至于理论，对同步辐射Ｘ光在固体晶体中发生的散射现象进行讨论，得出了多光子康普顿效应中散射光波长的改变量与散射角的关系式。该关系式不仅体现了多光子康普顿效应较单光子康普顿效应更加显著，而且还体现了在特定环境中，光子与光子之间彼此聚合性增强的内涵。     

Alzheimer's disease. Molecular consequences of presenilin-1 mutation

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by accumulation in the brain of a family of insoluble amyloid peptides (Abeta peptides), which are produced as a result of the normal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP). Russo et al. claim that a truncated Abeta peptide that lacks the first ten amino acids accumulates in the brains of patients carrying a mutant form of pre-senilin 1 (PS1), a protein that is involved in cleavage of beta-APP. However, we have found that this same species is also overrepresented in Alzheimer's patients with mutations in beta-APP itself. Our findings do not support the conclusion of Russo et al. that pathogenic PS1 mutations may control cleavage of beta-APP by beta-secretase.     

Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse.

Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) seems to have a central role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Familial forms of the disease have been linked to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilin genes. Disease-linked mutations in these genes result in increased production of the 42-amino-acid form of the peptide (Abeta42), which is the predominant form found in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease. The PDAPP transgenic mouse, which overexpresses mutant human APP (in which the amino acid at position 717 is phenylalanine instead of the normal valine), progressively develops many of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in an age- and brain-region-dependent manner. In the present study, transgenic animals were immunized with Abeta42, either before the onset of AD-type neuropathologies (at 6 weeks of age) or at an older age (11 months), when amyloid-beta deposition and several of the subsequent neuropathological changes were well established. We report that immunization of the young animals essentially prevented the development of beta-amyloid-plaque formation, neuritic dystrophy and astrogliosis. Treatment of the older animals also markedly reduced the extent and progression of these AD-like neuropathologies. Our results raise the possibility that immunization with amyloid-beta may be effective in preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease.     

Identification of an altered splice site in Ashkenazi Tay-Sachs disease

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder resulting from mutation of the HEXA gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A (ref. 1). A relatively high frequency of carriers (1/27) of a lethal, infantile form of the disease is found in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, but it is not yet evident whether this has resulted from a founder effect and random genetic drift or from a selective advantage of heterozygotes. We have identified a single-base mutation in a cloned fragment of the HEXA gene from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient. This change, the substitution of a C for G in the first nucleotide of intron 12 is expected to result in defective splicing of the messenger RNA. A test for the mutant allele based on amplification of DNA by the 'polymerase chain rection and cleavage of a DdeI restriction site generated by the mutation revealed that this case and two other cases of the Ashkenazi, infantile form of Tay-Sachs disease are heterozygous for two different mutations. The occurrence of multiple mutant alleles warrants further examination of the selective advantage hypothesis.     

钴,镍,铜与磷酰化丙氨酸固体配合物的制备及光谱研究

研究了Ｃｕ（Ｉ）、Ｃｏ（Ｉ）、Ｎｉ（Ｉ）的Ｎ－磷酰化丙氨酸（ＤＩＰＰＡｌａ）固体配合物的制备,并通过元素分析、红外光谱、ＸＰＳ、电子光谱以及热分析等手段对配合物的结构进行了表征．研究表明,Ｃｕ与ＤＩＰＰＡｌａ的羧基形成四配位结构,而Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ则与羧基及水形成六配位结构．热分析实验表明,三种配合物的分解温度相近,但Ｃｕ配合物的分解活化能更高     

Defective processing and presentation of exogenous antigens in mutants with normal HLA class II genes

Presentation of an exogenous protein antigen to helper (CD4+)T-lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells (APC) generally requires that the APCs degrade the native protein antigen into an immunogenic peptide, a process termed 'antigen processing', and that this peptide bind to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule. The complex of peptide and MHC molecule on the APC surface provides the stimulatory ligand for the alpha beta T cell receptor. The intracellular pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of the peptide-MHC complex are not well understood. Here, we describe several mutant APCs which are altered in their ability to present native exogenous protein antigens but effectively present immunogenic peptides derived from these proteins. The lesions in these mutants are not in the class II structural genes, but they affect the conformation of mature class II dimers.     

Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion

Results from several experimental systems suggest that cells from one tissue type can form other tissue types after transplantation. This could be due to the presence of multipotential or several types of adult stem cells in donor tissues, or alternatively, to fusion of donor and recipient cells. In a model of tyrosinaemia type I, mice with mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene (Fah-/-) regain normal liver function after transplantation of Fah+/+ bone marrow cells, and form regenerating liver nodules with normal histology that express Fah. Here we show that these hepatic nodules contain more mutant than wild-type Fah alleles, and that their hepatocytes express both donor and host genes, consistent with polyploid genome formation by fusion of host and donor cells. Using bone marrow cells marked with integrated foamy virus vectors that express green fluorescent protein, we identify common proviral junctions in hepatic nodules and haematopoietic cells. We also show that the haematopoietic donor genome adopts a more hepatocyte-specific expression profile after cell fusion, as the wild-type Fah gene was activated and the pan-haematopoietic CD45 marker was no longer expressed.