镁合金深冷处理研究

在液氮温度(-196℃)对工业用镁合金AZ31,AM60进行深冷处理,处理时间分别为2 h,4 h,8 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,并进行了力学性能测试、金相组织观察、XRD衍射测试和SEM断口扫描测试.结果发现:深冷处理可以明显提高镁合金的力学性能,改善其显微组织,同时深冷处理可以引起镁合金的晶粒转动现象.研究结果为提高镁合金性能提供了一种简单有效的方法.     

电容铝箔微观结构的TEM和X射线衍射研究

本文采用不同形变热处理高纯铝箔,经电解抛光和减薄后,用高压透射电镜观测了蚀坑形貌与其它微观结构,同时根据 X 射线晶面衍射强度分析,建立了铝箔易见蚀坑形貌与高 F_(hkl)值的实质联系,为制取高比电容铝箔,提供了理论依据.     

成品退火对高纯铝箔立方织构的影响

高纯铝箔主要用于制作高压电容器的阳极材料,电容器的比电容大小与阳极箔材中立方织构的含量密切相关立方织构含量越高,箔材腐蚀后有效表面积越大,其比电容也相应越大.作者采用晶体取向分布函数(ODF)研究和分析了成品退火工艺制度及冷却速度对不同铁含量高纯铝箔立方织构的影响.研究结果表明含Fe0.0011％的高纯铝箔在二级退火190℃/3h+520℃/2h条件下立方织构含量较高,R织构比例较小.由于铁的含量及存在状态严重影响了高纯铝箔的立方织构含量,当铁含量较高或过饱和固溶在基体中时,成品退火时主要出现原位再结晶,立方织构较弱,R织构较强.因此,含Fe0.0016％的高纯铝箔成品退火后虽在空冷时立方织构含量较高,但其立方织构含量均低于含Fe0.0011％的高纯铝箔中的立方织构含量.     

单级时效处理对6082铝合金型材微观组织的影响

为优化时效处理参数,探索时效处理对材料的强韧化影响机制,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)研究了单级时效处理对6082铝合金挤压型材微观组织演变的影响.结果表明:时效处理可以使6082铝合金棒材挤压成型材的过程中储存的残余应力得到有效去除,晶粒出现细微长大现象,平均尺寸由7.02μm增长为9.80μm;平均晶界角度降低,从25.51°降到16.06°,低角度晶界比例显著提高,从47.91%提高至67.47%;时效处理可以使晶粒{100}和{110}方向的晶粒分布发生明显的变化,明显增强了试样在{100}和{110}方向的织构.这些转变有利于6082铝合金挤压型材综合性能的提高.     

铝分层诱导晶化非晶硅的研究

铝诱导晶化(AIC)法是一种低成本、低温制备高质量多晶硅薄膜的方法.采用磁控溅射和自然氧化法在石英衬底上生长铝/三氧化二铝/非晶硅结构的材料,然后进行低温(低于硅铝共熔温度577℃)退火处理.通过共焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线衍射(XRD)手段进行表征.结果表明,退火后薄膜分为两层,上层是铝、非晶硅和多晶硅的连续混合膜,随退火时间增加,上层晶化率快速增加;下层形成了完全晶化的大尺寸多晶硅晶粒,晶粒结晶质量接近单晶硅;增加退火时间,下层晶粒增长很缓慢;降低退火温度,下层晶粒尺寸明显增大;形成的多晶硅薄膜均具有高度(111)择优取向.并且,进一步地对上述退火过程中样品的变化行为作出分析.     

微量元素、织构和位错对低压(16V)电容器用阳极箔比电容的影响

本文研究了含微量 Mg—Nd、Cd 的低压(16V)电容器阳极铝箔比电容。实验表明:成份位于一定范围的退火 Al-Mg-Nd 和 Al-Cd 合金箔,与纯铝箔相比,有较高的比电容。其原因在于微量元素提高了铝箔表面(100)织构的含量;同时,也增加了正方形蚀坑的晶粒数目,这些晶粒分布在三角形或其他形状蚀坑的晶粒之间,且各种蚀坑的形状、大小适宜,分布均匀。由此所组成的位错蚀坑密度愈大,低压用铝箔的比电容也愈高。     

氧化锌薄膜的微观结构及其结晶性能研究

以普通玻璃作为衬底材料,采用射频磁控溅射方法制备了氧化锌(ZnO)透明导电薄膜,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试,研究了衬底温度对薄膜微观结构及其结晶性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的ZnO薄膜均为(002)晶面择优取向生长的多晶薄膜,其微观结构和结晶性能与衬底温度密切相关.衬底温度对ZnO薄膜的织构系数TC(hkl)、平均晶粒尺寸、位错密度、晶格应变和晶格常数都具有不同程度的影响,当衬底温度为800 K时,ZnO薄膜样品的织构系数TC(002)最高(4.929)、平均晶粒尺寸最大(20.91 nm)、位错密度最小(2.289×10~(15)line·m~(-2))、晶格应变最低(2.781×10~(-3)),具有最高的(002)晶面择优取向生长性和最佳的微观结构性能.     

深冷处理对EA4T车轴钢马氏体组织及短裂纹行为的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、维氏硬度计、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术等,开展深冷处理与回火顺序对EA4T车轴钢马氏体组织及其疲劳断裂性能影响的研究。研究结果表明：无论是“回火+深冷”处理还是“深冷+回火”处理,均能有效细化材料的微观组织,从而提高硬度和位错密度,但组织中含量较少的残余奥氏体无法通过深冷处理继续向马氏体转化;相对而言,经“深冷+回火”处理的试样晶粒尺寸细化效果最佳,且小角度晶界占比最多,可有效抑制裂纹的萌生;经“深冷+回火”处理后,材料微观组织对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用最强,裂纹扩展速率的下降更明显,疲劳断裂性能相对更优。     

沉积温度对氧化锌薄膜结构和光学性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法在玻璃基板上制备了氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜样品,利用X射线衍射(XRD)表征和紫外-可见光透射光谱对其进行了表征,研究了沉积温度对ZnO薄膜结构和光学性能的影响.结果表明:所有ZnO样品都是c轴高度择优取向的多晶薄膜;沉积温度对ZnO样品晶体质量和光学性能都具有明显的影响;随着沉积温度的升高,ZnO薄膜(002)衍射峰的半高宽单调减小,而(002)晶面取向度、平均晶粒尺寸和可见光波段平均透过率则单调增大.当沉积温度为500°C时,ZnO薄膜样品具有最高的(002)晶面取向度(0.987)、最大的平均晶粒尺寸(22.1 nm)和最好的可见光波段平均透过率(82.3%).     

退火温度对溅射氧化锌薄膜的影响

利用射频磁控溅射技术在玻璃基片上制备了高度C轴择优取向的纳米氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了退火热处理温度对ZnO薄膜形貌、结构和内应力的影响规律.结果表明:热处理可以明显改善薄膜的结晶质量,薄膜的晶粒变得致密,尺寸也变得均匀;(002)衍射面的晶面间距和内应力均低于未经热处理的样品;当温度高于450℃以后,薄膜的致密度反而下降,部分晶粒异常长大,随着退火温度的逐渐升高,ZnO薄膜(002)衍射面的晶面间距和内应力先减小,到450℃达到最小值,后又逐渐增大,可见450℃热处理后,薄膜的表面形貌、结构和内应力均得到很大的改善.     

深冷处理对Inconel 617合金组织和力学性能的影响

深冷处理方法由于操作简单,价格低廉且对材料性能改善明显目前被广泛应用.采用深冷处理方法对Inconel 617合金进行了不同处理时间和次数条件下的试验.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了Inconel 617合金的微观组织结构,采用万能拉力试验机进行了室温下的拉伸试验.结果表明:深冷处理后Inconel 617合金的晶粒尺寸得到了细化.单次深冷处理12、24 h后合金的小角度晶界分数增大,这有助于合金拉伸强度和塑性的提高.但是深冷处理后合金中析出了大量的碳化物,降低了其强度.     

Microtextural characterization of as-cast and hot press-deformed TiN whiskers in TiNw-AINp/Al composite

The local distribution of preferred orientation and misorientation in TiN whiskers in TiNw-AINp/A1 composite system is investigated using backscattering electron diffraction combined with a scanning electron microscope. These preliminary results demonstrate the utility of this new automated technique for characterizing local textures in composite materials using backscattering electron diffraction. The composite investigated comprises TiN whiskers in a polycrystalline aluminum matrix. The local textures of samples before and after deformation were measured. The misorientation distributions show a breakdown of the monocrystal of TiN whisker in the deformed composite material relative to the starting material and an increase in small angle misorientations.     

深冷处理对Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

研究了深冷处理对Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料组织演变和力学性能的影响.运用光学金相、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、差示扫描量热分析（DSC）和显微硬度等实验手段,对Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料深冷处理前后的非晶结构和晶化相进行测试分析.结果表明：深冷处理2h,Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料的第二相体积份数增多.随着深冷处理时间增加到24h,第二相的体积份数和尺寸进一步增多,同时非晶复合材料的显微硬度也有一定的提高.XRD分析表明Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料中形成了Cu10Zr7相和AgZr相.非晶复合材料非晶基体的玻璃转变温度Tg随着深冷处理时间的增加而提高,晶化潜热则随着深冷时间的增加而降低.Cu40Zr44Ag8Al8非晶复合材料组织结构的演变与深冷处理过程产生的内应力有关.     

Fe-Ni-Mo合金镀层表面化学状态及微观结构

在酸性柠檬酸盐-氯化物电解液中电沉积制备Fe-Ni-Mo合金,通过SEM、XRD及XPS对合金表面形貌、微观结构及表面化学状态进行分析,结果表明:合金镀层表面平整,结构致密,无孔洞及裂纹;Fe-Ni-Mo合金属于纳米晶,面心立方结构,呈现较强的(111)晶面择优取向;Mo原子是以取代原子的方式进入FeNi固溶体,形成置换固溶体。XPS分析表明合金镀层表面Ni和Fe元素以金属单质状态存在,Mo元素则以单质Mo、MoO2和MoO3三种化学状态存在。Mo3d结合能位移较大,说明Mo所处的化学环境发生了变化。     

脉冲偏压占空比对MgO薄膜成分及结构的影响

采用阴极真空电弧离子沉积技术在玻璃衬底上制备出了具有择优取向的透明MgO薄膜.利用卢瑟福背散射谱、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及紫外-可见吸收光谱仪分别对MgO薄膜的成分、结构、表面形貌及可见光透过率进行了分析.结果表明:MgO薄膜具有(100)和(110)两种取向,且择优取向趋势不随占空比的变化而变化.随着占空比的增大,脉冲偏压为-150V时制备的MgO薄膜中Mg和O的原子含量之比逐渐增大,占空比为30%时,n(Mg)∶n(O)接近1∶1;SEM图表明,晶粒尺寸随着占空比的增大几乎没有发生明显的改变;在350～900nm范围内,MgO薄膜的可见光透过率可以达到90%以上.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy subject to deep cryogenic treatments

AZ91 magnesium alloy was subjected to a deep cryogenic treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) methods were utilized to characterize the composition and microstructure of the treated samples. The results show that after two cryogenic treatments, the quantity of the precipitate hardening β phase increases, and the sizes of the precipitates are refined from 8–10 μm to 2–4 μm. This is expected to be due to the decreased solubility of aluminum in the matrix at low temperature and the significant plastic deformation owing to internal differences in thermal contraction between phases and grains. The polycrystalline matrix is also noticeably refined, with the sizes of the subsequent nanocrystalline grains in the range of 50–100 nm. High density dislocations are observed to pile up at the grain boundaries, inducing the dynamic recrystallization of the microstructure, leading to the generation of a nanocrystalline grain structure. After two deep cryogenic treatments, the tensile strength and elongation are found to be substantially increased, rising from 243 MPa and 4.4% of as-cast state to 299 MPa and 5.1%.     

Texture evolution of Al-Mg-Li aeronautical alloys in in-situ tension

Texture evolution in extruded and hot-rolled Al-Mg-Li aeronautical alloys during in-situ tension was investigated by using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). A field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and a MICROTEST-5000 tensile stage were used to carry out in-situ tension tests and observations. The crystallographic texture of the extruded sample changed from weak cube texture {001}〈100〉 to texture {018}〈081〉 during tension fracture. However, strong Brass {110}〈112〉 in the hot-rolled sample was modified into a mixture texture component of Brass {110}〈112〉 and S {123}〈634〉 during tension fracture. Texture evolution in the two samples during tension can be explained by the rotation of grain orientation.     

Effect of cryogenic rolling and annealing on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel

Metastable 304 austenitic stainless steel was subjected to rolling at cryogenic and room temperatures, followed by annealing at different temperatures from 500 to 950℃. Phase transition during annealing was studied using X-ray diffractometry. Transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction were used to characterize the martensite transformation and the distribution of austenite grain size after annealing. The recrystallization mechanism during cryogenic rolling was a reversal of martensite into austenite and austenite growth. Cryogenic rolling followed by annealing refined grains to 4.7 μm compared with 8.7 μm achieved under room-temperature rolling, as shown by the electron backscattered diffraction images. Tensile tests showed significantly improved mechanical properties after cryogenic rolling as the yield strength was enhanced by 47% compared with room-temperature rolling.     

An off-normal fibre-like texture in thin films on single-crystal substrates

In the context of materials science, texture describes the statistical distribution of grain orientations. It is an important characteristic of the microstructure of polycrystalline films, determining various electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Three types of texture component are usually distinguished in thin films: random texture, when grains have no preferred orientation; fibre texture, for which one crystallographic axis of the film is parallel to the substrate normal, while there is a rotational degree of freedom around the fibre axis; and epitaxial alignment (or in-plane texture) on single-crystal substrates, where an in-plane alignment fixes all three axes of the grain with respect to the substrate. Here we report a fourth type of texture--which we call axiotaxy--identified from complex but symmetrical patterns of lines on diffraction pole figures for thin films formed by solid-state reactions. The texture is characterized by the alignment of planes in the film and substrate that share the same d-spacing. This preferred alignment of planes across the interface manifests itself as a fibre texture lying off-normal to the sample surface, with the fibre axis perpendicular to certain planes in the substrate. This texture forms because it results in an interface, which is periodic in one dimension, preserved independently of interfacial curvature. This new type of preferred orientation may be the dominant type of texture for a wide class of materials and crystal structures.     

等通道转角挤压超细化合金组织性能的研究

等通道转角挤压技术是目前制备超细晶粒金属块材的最新研究领域之一.本实验采用了等通道转角挤压技术对3种商业铝合金以A、B、C等3种方式挤压,结果表明:3种挤压方式后的硬度与挤压道次的关系基本一致,即3~4次挤压后硬度趋于饱和;应用的负荷大小对ECAP期间剥落的可能性也被测量,以便改善挤压过程.X-射线衍射分析法显示挤压后这些铝合金出现亚微米级晶粒尺寸.本实验中,经不同方式等通道转角挤压(ECAP)铝合金组织结构变化有较大不同,晶粒得到明显细化.