一种重复二分CSP4类运动想象脑电信号特征提取算法

针对脑机接口（BCI）系统中4类运动想象的脑电信号ERD/ERS现象进行研究,提出了一种重复二分共同空间模式（RB-CSP）算法用于4类运动想象脑电信号的特征提取,并运用SVM进行分类研究. 实验结果表明,该方法与传统的4分类CSP扩展算法OVR-CSP相比,减小了算法复杂程度,缩短了信号处理时间,提高了准确率,为在线脑机应用提供了一种新的解决方法.      

基于复杂网络技术的异步脑-机接口分类系统

脑-机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)是一种不依赖周围神经和肌肉组织,通过诱发人脑无节律信号(event-related de-synchronization,ERD)/有节律信号(event-related synchronization,ERS)等特征信号实现对外部装置自主控制的系统。针对人群中15%～30%的人存在"BCI盲"问题,即难以诱发出较强的ERD/ERS等特征信号,提出将脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)时间序列转换成一个复杂网络,复杂网络的网络测度与大脑意识有关联。结果表明,基于复杂网络构建的相位锁相值(phase locking value, PLV)二值网络可实现异步BCI系统分类,分类正确率最高可达88.60%。可见,基于复杂网络技术的异步BCI系统具有可行性,可作为一种新途径。     

基于集合经验模式分解和公共空间模式的脑电信号特征提取

公共空间模式(common spatial pattern,CSP)能够较好地提取运动想象任务时脑电信号的判别特性,但是其性能与大脑进行想象任务的频带相关。为了确定这样一组频带实现精确的分类,基于集合经验模式分解、FIR滤波器组以及公共空间模式算法提出了一种脑电特征提取方法。预处理去除伪迹后的信号首先经过集合经验模式算法获得多个模函数,然后选择出包含μ节律和β节律范围的分量实现信号重构,重构后的脑电信号作为带通滤波器组的输入得到若干子带信号集合,从每个子带信号中提取CSP特征,最后将提取的特征经过支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)进行分类。运用该方法对脑-计算机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)竞赛数据集进行分类,实验表明该方法能够自适应地提取、筛选和判别每个受试者的空间CSP特征,分类准确率达96. 53%。     

基于小波方差的运动想象脑电信号特征提取

针对区分两种不同运动想象(想象左手运动和想象右手运动)的脑-机接口任务,提出了以小波方差作为分类特征的方法.首先深入研究了小波变换以及小波方差的计算方法,结合验证脑电图(EEG)存在的ERD/ERS现象,然后利用小波分解系数方差对C3,C4导联脑电信号进行特征提取,最后采用最简线性分类器进行分类,采用分类正确率作为主要评价标准.结果表明,最大分类正确率为85%,最佳分类时间段为4~6.5 s.与BCI竞赛和其他方法相比,在保证分类正确率的前提下,所使用的特征提取和分类方法更加简单,具有较高的参考价值.     

基于ICA与PSD的ERD／ERS信号检测

介绍一种基于独立分量分析（ICA）空间滤波结合功率谱密度（PSD）曲线分析法用于提取大脑在想象动作时产生事件相关去同步／同步（ERD／ERS）信号的方法．其检测流程为：先对想象动作诱发的脑电（EEG）信号进行ICA分解得到独立分量与相应的解混矩阵,再按特征频段取其主要分量得到滤波后数据,然后采用短时傅里叶变换计算相关导联EEG信号在特征时段与频段的PSD曲线,引入ERD／ERS系数作为量化指标以进行想象动作的识别．计算结果表明,上述方法能够显著增强运动想象脑电信号的ERD／ERS特征信息,且通过实际分类验证,采用该方法可以获得更高的识别正确率,较传统信息检测方法平均提高8％以上．     

自适应单次运动想像最优特征提取研究

为得到区分左右手运动想像脑电信号的最优特征,提出了一种自适应单次脑电特征提取方法.该算法先按运动想像电位生理学原理对不同被试寻找事件相关去同步/同步(ERD/ERS)现象最明显的频段与时间段,再按照这些参数提取C3,C4导脑电信号的能量,最后取其能量比值作为左右手想像分类的特征.采用公共标准数据集做测试,运用支持向量机(SVM)进行分类,并与AR特征提取法对照.结果表明,该法可有效提高分类正确率(平均90.7%,最佳98.7%),优于使用固定频段与时间段的AR特征提取法(平均77.4%,最佳92.8%),且算法复杂度低于AR特征提取法,适应性稍强于AR特征提取法,适合在线应用.     

单次运动想象脑电的特征提取和分类

为了实现脑-计算机接口(BCI)系统,对运动想象脑电信号的特征进行了提取和分类.将大脑C3,C4处采集的二路运动想象脑电信号分成4段,分别建立六阶AR参数模型进行功率谱估计,再对每段数据的功率谱求和构造特征矢量,提供给误差反向传播算法进行左右手运动想象脑电模式分类.结果表明,该方法提取的特征向量较好地反应了运动想象脑电信号的事件相关去同步(ERD)和事件相关同步(ERS)的变化时程.另外,该方法识别率高,复杂性低,适合在线脑-计算机接口的应用.     

基于CSP与SVM算法的运动想象脑电信号分类

针对基于两种不同意识任务(想象左手运动和想象右手运动)的脑机接口,使用共空间模式(common spatial pattern,CSP)算法对BCI 2003竞赛数据进行特征提取;基于滑动时间窗,利用CSP方法对C3,Cz和C4位置的脑电信号进行处理.利用支持向量机对特征进行分类,获得最大分类正确率82.86%,最佳时间点4.09 s,最大互信息0.47 bit,最大互信息陡度0.431 bit/s.与BCI 2003竞赛结果相比,最大互信息陡度有了显著提高,证明该方法更适合BCI实时系统的要求.     

基于粒子群优化支持向量机康复下肢外骨骼的脑电控制研究

为解决失能人群自主移动的问题,脑机接口(brain computer interface, BCI)已广泛应用于外骨骼领域,但脑电(electroencephalogram, EEG)信号因信噪比低等原因导致识别率一直难以提高。为提高基于脑机接口下肢外骨骼的信号识别率,采用粒子群优化支持向量机(particle swarm optimization-support vector machine, PSO-SVM)算法提高脑电信号识别率,取得了86.52%的脑电信号识别率。首先建立共空间模式(common spatial pattern, CSP)数学模型对脑电信号进行特征提取,随后建立基于粒子群优化的支持向量机分类模型,优化脑电信号分类关键参数,将最终的实验数据与传统的支持向量机分类方法比较,最后进行算法的验证及下肢外骨骼实验。实验结果表明：经过粒子群优化的支持向量机分类准确明显高于传统支持向量机分类。所提出粒子群优化支持向量机对脑电信号的特征识别方法可实现运动想象(motor imagery, MI)的精确识别,为脑机接口技术在康复外骨骼领域的应用提供理论基础和技术支持。     

独立分量分析和遗传算法相结合的运动想象频带优化

对结合独立分量分析(independent component analysis,简称ICA)和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,简称GA)的运动想象脑电(motor imagery electroencephalogram,简称MI-EEG)特征检测及其优化方法开展研究.设计了基于ICA的MI-EEG分类算法.在此基础上,针对不同受试个体,用GA算法对运动想象诱发的事件相关去同步(event-related desynchronization,简称ERD)频段进行优化选择,用以改善运动想象脑-机接口(brain-computer interface,简称BCI)系统的识别率.实验结果表明,基于ICA的GA算法特征优化方法具有较好的可靠性和实用性,可用于在线BCI的设计与实现.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.