基于滑动地址序列的IPv6网络拓扑发现引擎

为满足IPv6网络的拓扑发现需求,提出了一种基于滑动地址序列的IPv6网络拓扑发现算法。算法根据并发进行的分布式探针数量,将待探测的目标地址集等分为若干子集,在每个周期内每个探针只按序针对其中的一个子集进行探测,同时探针之间互相通告各自探测的结果;此后每个探针按序对下一个子集进行探测,如果发现过程抵达前面的探测周期中其他探针已经发现的共同路径时,则停止继续向前探测。基于本算法实现的系统对一个真实的纯IPv6主干网环境进行了全面发现实验。实验结果表明,该引擎减少了约35%的IPv6探测报文,达到设计目的。     

海洋环境监测中的光纤化学／生物传感技术

通过光纤溶解氧、pH、湿度等化学传感探头及发光菌水质毒性监测生物传感探头的研制,开发出了一类能用于环境监测的新型传感器。其创新之处在于传感探头的设计与包装,以及数种可逆性、选择性、稳定性、使用寿命、响应时间、灵敏度等响应特性具佳的化学及生物传感膜的配方和制作技术。利用这些技术,通过对光纤探头的设计与包装,可以实现在现场及实验室模拟条件下对样品的选择性检测。研制的传感器能广泛应用于海洋污染调查、内河水质评价、水产养殖、工矿企业水气排污自检等诸多方面。     

Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming

Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated an identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli has been described by two models, one of which involves a multiplication. In this model, the LGMD multiplies postsynaptically two inputs (one excitatory, one inhibitory) that converge onto its dendritic tree; in the other model, inhibition is presynaptic to the LGMD. By using selective activation and inactivation of pre- and postsynaptic inhibition, we show that postsynaptic inhibition has a predominant role, suggesting that multiplication is implemented within the neuron itself. Our pharmacological experiments and measurements of firing rate versus membrane potential also reveal that sodium channels act both to advance the response of the LGMD in time and to map membrane potential to firing rate in a nearly exponential manner. These results are consistent with an implementation of multiplication based on dendritic subtraction of two converging inputs encoded logarithmically, followed by exponentiation through active membrane conductances.     

等离子体诊断仿真实验设计

用Flash MX制作了静电探针法诊断等离子体参数的远程仿真实验,设计了能独立操作并相互关联的实验仪器,提供了接近真实的操作界面,实现了等离子体有极放电、单探针诊断和双探针诊断的实验仿真.     

探头式电磁流量计的理论研究和样机试验

本文分析了探头式电磁流量计的基本原理。根据电磁学和流体力学的理论求得了圆柱二电极、圆柱四电极、椭圆柱以及流线型柱体探头感应电动势的解析解。文中还讨论了边界层绕流圆柱探头和有限区间对探头输出信号的影响。从理论解可以看出,探头电极间的感应电动势与来流速度之间呈明显的线性关系。此外,文中还推荐了几种延迟或避免探头表面发生边界层分离的方法。对于圆柱和椭圆柱样机的实验证实了理论分析的结果。     

煤粉浓度与风量的热探头测量方法研究

开发了长弦为10 mm、短弦为5 mm的椭圆型热探头,用于煤粉浓度与风量的测量.将热探头放入煤粉-空气输送管中,热探头1的长弦平行于来流,热探头2的短弦平行于来流.研究发现:热探头1对煤粉浓度反应迟钝;热探头2对煤粉浓度反应比较敏感.分析了气固两相流中的弛豫效应,提出了热探头1和热探头2在气固两相流中的换热准则关系式.将热探头1和热探头2的换热准则关系式相耦合,可用于测量煤粉浓度和风量,测量结果的相对偏差分别在20%和10%以内.     

海洋XBT投放系统中探头插销自动拔取机构设计

针对现有人工手持式投弃式温度深度剖面仪（XBT）探头投放方式存在的人为因素对测量的干扰等问题,设计了一种用于XBT自动投放系统的探头插销自动拔取机构。通过杠杆对力的放大作用,实现在有限行程范围内的探头插销自动拔取。实验结果表明,该机构有效可靠,投放成功率达到95%以上,投放平均时间节省50%以上,并可通过简单的外形或接口调整用于多种探头自动投放系统中,应用范围较广。     

磁性薄膜磁电阻效应的测量

本文阐述了各向异性磁电阻效应测量原理,介绍了四探针及六探针法测量磁性薄膜的磁电阻率的方法,并讨论了探针因子Ｍｒ的值与探针相对位置的关系,提出采用对称电流六探针来改善测量误差     

Correlation between the anaesthetic effect of halothane and saturable binding in brain

Two theories of the molecular mechanism of volatile anaesthetic action suggest either that anaesthetics cause a generalized perturbation of neuronal membrane structure, probably through a nonspecific interaction with membrane lipids, or that anaesthetics bind to sets of sites of appropriate molecular dimension on membrane proteins. Based on the recent finding that fluorinated anaesthetics can be observed in animal tissue by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopy, we have used 19F-NMR to quantify the interaction between the volatile anaesthetic halothane and rat brain tissue. Steady-state brain halothane concentration was found to be a non-linear function of inspired concentration, with apparent saturation of brain occurring at inspired halothane concentrations above 2.5% by volume. Using a spin-echo pulse sequence it was found that halothane exists in two distinct chemical environments in brain, characterized by different spin-spin relaxation times (T2), chemical shifts and kinetics of occupancy. Halothane concentration in one of these environments (T2 = 3.6 ms) was saturated at approximately 2.5% inspired halothane; occupancy of this environment was found to correlate with the anaesthetic effect of the drug. In the other environment (T2 = 43 ms), brain halothane concentration was a linear function of inspired concentration. These data suggest the existence of a saturable anaesthetic site for halothane in brain and do not support the concept that anaesthetics act by nonspecific membrane perturbation.     

Using photoemission spectroscopy to probe a strongly interacting Fermi gas

Ultracold atomic gases provide model systems in which to study many-body quantum physics. Recent experiments using Fermi gases have demonstrated a phase transition to a superfluid state with strong interparticle interactions. This system provides a realization of the 'BCS-BEC crossover' connecting the physics of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity with that of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although many aspects of this system have been investigated, it has not yet been possible to measure the single-particle excitation spectrum (a fundamental property directly predicted by many-body theories). Here we use photoemission spectroscopy to directly probe the elementary excitations and energy dispersion in a strongly interacting Fermi gas of (40)K atoms. In the experiments, a radio-frequency photon ejects an atom from the strongly interacting system by means of a spin-flip transition to a weakly interacting state. We measure the occupied density of single-particle states at the cusp of the BCS-BEC crossover and on the BEC side of the crossover, and compare these results to that for a nearly ideal Fermi gas. We show that, near the critical temperature, the single-particle spectral function is dramatically altered in a way that is consistent with a large pairing gap. Our results probe the many-body physics in a way that could be compared to data for the high-transition-temperature superconductors. As in photoemission spectroscopy for electronic materials, our measurement technique for ultracold atomic gases directly probes low-energy excitations and thus can reveal excitation gaps and/or pseudogaps. Furthermore, this technique can provide an analogue of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for probing anisotropic systems, such as atoms in optical lattice potentials.     

Active transport of Ca2+ by an artificial photosynthetic membrane

Transport of calcium ions across membranes and against a thermodynamic gradient is essential to many biological processes, including muscle contraction, the citric acid cycle, glycogen metabolism, release of neurotransmitters, vision, biological signal transduction and immune response. Synthetic systems that transport metal ions across lipid or liquid membranes are well known, and in some cases light has been used to facilitate transport. Typically, a carrier molecule located in a symmetric membrane binds the ion from aqueous solution on one side and releases it on the other. The thermodynamic driving force is provided by an ion concentration difference between the two aqueous solutions, coupling to such a gradient in an auxiliary species, or photomodulation of the carrier by an asymmetric photon flux. Here we report a different approach, in which active transport is driven not by concentration gradients, but by light-induced electron transfer in a photoactive molecule that is asymmetrically disposed across a lipid bilayer. The system comprises a synthetic, light-driven transmembrane Ca2+ pump based on a redox-sensitive, lipophilic Ca2+-binding shuttle molecule whose function is powered by an intramembrane artificial photosynthetic reaction centre. The resulting structure transports calcium ions across the bilayer of a liposome to develop both a calcium ion concentration gradient and a membrane potential, expanding Mitchell's concept of a redox loop mechanism for protons to include divalent cations. Although the quantum yield is relatively low (approximately 1 per cent), the Ca2+ electrochemical potential developed is significant.     

Force generation by mammalian hair bundles supports a role in cochlear amplification

It is generally accepted that the acute sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing requires active mechanical amplification of the sound stimulus within the cochlea. The prevailing hypothesis is that this amplification stems from somatic electromotility of the outer hair cells attributable to the motor protein prestin. Thus outer hair cells contract and elongate in synchrony with the sound-evoked receptor potential. But problems arise with this mechanism at high frequencies, where the periodic component of the receptor potential will be attenuated by the membrane time constant. On the basis of work in non-mammalian vertebrates, force generation by the hair bundles has been proposed as an alternative means of boosting the mechanical stimulus. Here we show that hair bundles of mammalian outer hair cells can also produce force on a submillisecond timescale linked to adaptation of the mechanotransducer channels. Because the bundle motor may ultimately be limited by the deactivation rate of the channels, it could theoretically operate at high frequencies. Our results show the existence of another force generator in outer hair cells that may participate in cochlear amplification.     

光动力学治疗原理与影响因素

光动力疗法是最小侵入、很有前途、并为人们所接受的新的肿瘤治疗方法，它对许多非肿瘤疾病也有疗效．选择性地积聚在肿瘤细胞中的光敏剂，在适当波长光的作用下激发到单线激发态，再通过系统间窜越变成激发三线态，三线态光敏剂将能量转移给周围氧产生单态氧或与底物作用产生自由基等活性物质来杀死肿瘤细胞．本文综合介绍光动力疗法的作用机理，详细讨论影响光动力治疗的主要因素，并对光动力疗法的研究、应用和发展作了初步探讨．     

Asymmetric additions to dienes catalysed by a dithiophosphoric acid

Chiral Br?nsted acids (proton donors) have been shown to facilitate a broad range of asymmetric chemical transformations under catalytic conditions without requiring additional toxic or expensive metals. Although the catalysts developed thus far are remarkably effective at activating polarized functional groups, it is not clear whether organic Br?nsted acids can be used to catalyse highly enantioselective transformations of unactivated carbon-carbon multiple bonds. This deficiency persists despite the fact that racemic acid-catalysed 'Markovnikov' additions to alkenes are well known chemical transformations. Here we show that chiral dithiophosphoric acids can catalyse the intramolecular hydroamination and hydroarylation of dienes and allenes to generate heterocyclic products in exceptional yield and enantiomeric excess. We present a mechanistic hypothesis that involves the addition of the acid catalyst to the diene, followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting dithiophosphate intermediate; we also report mass spectroscopic and deuterium labelling studies in support of the proposed mechanism. The catalysts and concepts revealed in this study should prove applicable to other asymmetric functionalizations of unsaturated systems.     

Neuronal cell-cell adhesion depends on interactions of N-CAM with heparin-like molecules

Cell-cell interactions are of critical importance during neural development, particularly since the migration of neural cells and the establishment of functional interactions between growing axons and their target cells has been suggested to depend upon cell recognition processes. Neurone-neurone adhesion has been well studied in vitro, and is mediated in part by the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM. N-CAM-mediated cell-cell adhesion has been postulated to occur by a homophilic binding mechanism, in which N-CAM on the surface of one cell binds to N-CAM on a neighbouring cell. Studies in our laboratory have identified a cell surface glycoprotein, now known to be N-CAM, which participates in cell-substratum interactions in the developing chicken nervous system. Although this adhesion involves a homophilic binding mechanism, the binding of the cell surface proteoglycan heparan sulphate to the glycoprotein is also required. This raises the question of whether the binding of heparan sulphate to N-CAM is also required for cell-cell adhesion. Here we show that the binding of retinal probe cells to retinal cell monolayers is inhibited by heparin, a functional analogue of heparan sulphate, but not by chondroitin sulphate. Monoclonal antibodies that recognize two different domains on N-CAM, the homophilic-binding and heparin-binding domains, inhibit cell-cell adhesion. The heparin-binding domain isolated from N-CAM by selective proteolysis also inhibits cell-cell adhesion when bound to the probe cells.     

基于免疫反应原理的动态优化算法

生物免疫系统面对复杂的外部环境能够产生相应抗体,快速消除对肌体的威胁,在变化的环境中体现出强大的优化能力和自适应能力.该文借鉴免疫反应机理,提出一种求解动态环境下优化问题的免疫算法.仿真结果表明该算法具有较好的全局优化能力、对环境变化的适应能力强,性能稳定.     

Selective responses of visual cortical cells do not depend on shunting inhibition

Theoretical analyses of the electrical behaviour of the highly branched processes of nerve cells has focused attention on the possibility that single cells perform complex logical operations rather than simply summing their synaptic inputs. In particular, it has been suggested that the orientation and direction selectivity of cells in the visual cortex results from the action of a nonlinear 'shunting' inhibition that emulates an AND-NOT logical operation. The characteristic biophysical feature of this proposed inhibitory mechanism is that it evokes a large and relatively sustained increase in the conductance of the neuronal membrane while leaving the membrane potential unaffected. This shunting mechanism contrasts with linear 'summative' inhibition in which conductance changes are less prominent, and inhibition is achieved by hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. In a direct experimental test of the hypothesis that the selectivity of visual cortical neurons depends on shunting inhibition we found no evidence for the large conductance changes predicted by the theory.     

Probing the electromagnetic field of a 15-nanometre hotspot by single molecule imaging

When light illuminates a rough metallic surface, hotspots can appear, where the light is concentrated on the nanometre scale, producing an intense electromagnetic field. This phenomenon, called the surface enhancement effect, has a broad range of potential applications, such as the detection of weak chemical signals. Hotspots are believed to be associated with localized electromagnetic modes, caused by the randomness of the surface texture. Probing the electromagnetic field of the hotspots would offer much insight towards uncovering the mechanism generating the enhancement; however, it requires a spatial resolution of 1-2?nm, which has been a long-standing challenge in optics. The resolution of an optical microscope is limited to about half the wavelength of the incident light, approximately 200-300?nm. Although current state-of-the-art techniques, including near-field scanning optical microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, cathode luminescence imaging and two-photon photoemission imaging have subwavelength resolution, they either introduce a non-negligible amount of perturbation, complicating interpretation of the data, or operate only in a vacuum. As a result, after more than 30 years since the discovery of the surface enhancement effect, how the local field is distributed remains unknown. Here we present a technique that uses Brownian motion of single molecules to probe the local field. It enables two-dimensional imaging of the fluorescence enhancement profile of single hotspots on the surfaces of aluminium thin films and silver nanoparticle clusters, with accuracy down to 1.2?nm. Strong fluorescence enhancements, up to 54 and 136 times respectively, are observed in those two systems. This strong enhancement indicates that the local field, which decays exponentially from the peak of a hotspot, dominates the fluorescence enhancement profile.     

Nanostructures. Self-assembled domain patterns

The ordered domain patterns that form spontaneously in a wide variety of chemical and physical systems as a result of competing interatomic interactions can be used as templates for fabricating nanostructures. Here we describe a new self-assembling domain pattern on a solid surface that involves two surface structures of lead on copper. The evolution of the system agrees with theoretical predictions, enabling us to probe the interatomic force parameters that are crucial to the process.