小参数高阶项对射孔段套管屈曲摄动解的影响

采用摄动法求解射孔套管的屈曲临界压力时,一般仅取小参数ε的一次项,忽略其高阶项必然对计算结果产生一定的影响。针对此问题,建立了考虑小参数二阶项影响的射孔段套管弹性屈曲近似控制方程,给出了含有ε^2项影响的射孔段套管屈曲问题摄动解的一般形式;分析了小参数变化时,ε^2项对射孔段套管抗挤能力系数的影响。数值计算结果表明,计算孔眼的轴向最大尺寸、布孔格式和孔密度发生变化对小参数及射孔段套管抗挤能力都有直接的影响。当计算孔眼的轴向最大尺寸小于30mm、孔密度小于40孔／m时,仅考虑ε一次项可以给出满意的结果,而不必考虑小参数高阶项的影响。     

射孔套管剩余抗挤能力分析

套管射孔后其抗挤能力将有所降低。建立了射孔段套管弹性抗挤性能分析控制的一般方程 ,并利用摄动理论给出了射孔套管弹性抗挤能力系数的一般计算公式。利用弹塑性有限元方法确定了孔口附近塑性区随射孔套管的外压增加的变化规律 ,并给出了确定射孔套管抗挤能力的计算方法。研究结果表明 ,孔眼附近的应力集中所引起的塑性区的存在 ,明显影响了射孔套管的抗挤强度。与弹性分析结果比较 ,弹塑性分析结果更接近实验值。孔眼的形状对射孔套管抗挤能力有直接影响。长轴在环向的椭圆形孔眼的套管抗挤能力降低得最少 ,方形孔眼的降低得最多。在孔眼形状相同的情况下 ,孔眼面积增大 ,射孔套管的抗挤能力降低。当射孔密度小于 2 0孔 /m时 ,无论采用何种布孔方式 ,除方形孔眼外 ,套管抗挤能力的降低均不会超过 4 % ;大于 2 0孔 /m时 ,射孔参数对套管抗挤能力的影响明显增加     

射孔套管剩余抗挤能力分析

套管射孔后其抗挤能力将有所降低。建立了射孔段套管弹性抗挤性能分析控制的一般方程,并利用摄动理论给出了射孔套管弹性抗挤能力系数的一般计算公式。利用弹塑性有限元方法确定了孔口附近塑性区随射孔套管的外压增加的变化规律,并给出了确定射孔套管抗挤能力的计算方法。研究结果表明,孔眼附近的应力集中所引起的塑性区的存在,明显影响了射孔套管的抗挤强度。与弹性分析结果比较,弹塑性分析结果更接近实验值。孔眼的形状对射孔套管抗挤能力有直接影响。长轴在环向的椭圆形孔眼的套管抗挤能力降低得最少,方形孔眼的降低得最多。在孔眼形状相同的情况下,孔眼面积增大,射孔套管的抗挤能力降低。当射孔密度小于20孔／m时,无论采用何种布孔方式,除方形孔眼外,套管抗挤能力的降低均不会超过4％;大于20孔／m时,射孔参数对套管抗挤能力的影响明显增加。     

出砂井射孔套管变形分析及射孔参数优化

针对出砂井因上覆地层沉降与射孔段地层空洞而导致的射孔套管变形问题,采用有限元分析软件,建立考虑上覆地层位移与出砂空洞的射孔套管变形分析模型,采用经典Lame公式验证模型的正确性,分析射孔孔眼密度、孔径和射孔相位角对射孔套管变形的影响.结果表明:出砂井射孔套管在轴向载荷作用下的变形不同于在径向挤压作用下的变形,微小的上覆...     

射孔对套管抗挤强度影响

为了搞清不同射孔方式对套管强度的影响,确定合理的布孔方案,提高套管抗挤强度.以射孔管发生失稳的临界外载条件,利用变断面刚度的管体与变断面刚度的压杆有相似的挠曲微分方程,以及相同的边界,连续条件,利用杆管相似理论定量确定套管射孔后的抗挤强度的变化,并推导出不同射孔布孔方式下,射孔对套管抗挤强度影响的计算方法.根据以上公式计算套管抗挤强度与试验对比,相对误差最大为6.9%,最小为0.24%,采用该方法可以计算出生产套管的抗挤强度,绘制套管强度图版,从而根据油田地下的实际情况,优选不同钢级的套管和射孔布孔方式,这对指导生产具有重要意义.     

射孔套管应力集中系数有限元分析

建立了射孔套管的有限元力学模型,对不同孔径、孔密及相位角的射孔套管在外挤压力作用下的孔眼应力集中系数进行了有限元分析。旨在讨论非线性材料弹塑性范围内多孔情况下,对孔眼的应力集中系数及对管体抗挤强度的影响,为射孔套管应力集中及强度影响提供了详尽的数据,并给出了优化射孔方案。     

射孔完井水平气井产能影响因素评价

射孔完井是水平气井重要的完井方式,该文研究了射孔密度、射孔深度、孔眼半径和布孔方式4个关键参数,揭示了射孔参数对表皮系数、水平气井产能的影响规律.通过实例计算结果表明,射孔密度、射孔深度的增大有利于降低水平井表皮系数,增加气井产能,特别当射孔深度大于钻井损害带半径时,增产效果明显.孔眼半径对表皮系数和气井产能影响不大.     

基于正交实验法射孔参数优化设计数值模拟

射孔完井对油井产能的主要影响因素为孔眼密度、孔眼直径、孔眼深度和孔眼相位,基于油井产能最优对射孔参数进行优化设计是提高射孔井产能的关键技术之一。本文基于射孔井产能的半解析模型,应用有限元分析法对射孔井的产能进行数值模拟研究,并应用正交实验法对数值模拟结果进行分析。结果表明：随着孔深的增加,产率比增加,且在孔深较小时斜率较大,当穿孔深度超过钻井污染带深度时,曲线出现拐点,斜率变小、变平。随着孔径的增大,产率比增大,在实际射孔过程中,考虑到套管强度的问题,孔径应在保证套管强度的情况下尽可能取最大值。当孔密增大时,产率比随之增大,且随孔密的增大,其产率比上升趋势减弱。相位角增大时,产率比减小,相位角从60°变到90°时,产能有较大的提高,相位角在90°和180°之间变化时产能变化不大。通过比较极差值R来判断各个因素的主次关系。本文可为射孔参数的优选提供指导。     

储层出砂、生产压差及改造压力对射孔套管强度的影响

分析了射孔出砂形态及出砂段套管所受轴向压力;考虑不同出砂程度,建立了射孔出砂段套管三维有限元力学模型;分析了出砂分布及出砂程度对射孔段套管应力强度安全性的影响;分析了不同生产压差及改造压力作用下射孔套管等效应力的变化趋势。结果表明,射孔出砂掏空空洞的构形曲线为一个与上覆岩层压力、套管外径有关的二次曲线;空洞构形的曲率半径越大,套管所受轴向压力越大;即使轻微出砂,只要形成空洞,射孔段套管的强度会大大降低;集中出砂时套管的应力比分散出砂时的高;出砂量越大,最大等效应力越大,套管的强度安全性越低。     

页岩夹煤层弱面水平井段定面射孔优化分析

在水平井压裂施工过程中,射孔参数的优化是降低储层破裂压力,提高油田经济效益最直接有效的方法。在地下储层中,弱面的存在增强了储层的非均质性,同时改变了射孔时的起裂压力。应用单一弱面强度理论,结合射孔完井下单孔眼最大主应力公式,推导出含弱面水平井段单孔眼最大主应力与弱面倾角的关系。并使用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对9组不同角度弱面倾角水平井段进行定面射孔模拟分析,得到弱面倾角对孔眼最大主应力和最佳射孔密度的影响规律,对理论模型结果进行验证。结果表明:孔眼处最大主应力受弱面倾角控制,当弱面倾角βφ/2+45°时,孔眼处最大主应力随弱面倾角增大而减小,此时最佳射孔密度选用13孔/m;当弱面倾角βφ/2+45°时,随弱面倾角增大,孔眼处最大主应力先减小后增大,最佳射孔密度选用16孔/m;当弱面倾角β=φ/2+45°时,井筒将会沿着弱面发生破裂。对于含弱面水平井段的射孔提出优化方案,最大限度地降低地层破裂压力,该方法对实际生产具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-