活性炭比表面积对双电层电容特性的影响

用KOH活化活性炭作为电极材料制作双电层电容器,用接触角测定其润湿性,用恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法研究活性炭的电化学性能.结果显示,炭膜浸润时间最短约为90 min,双电层电容器的比电容随比表面积增加而增大.比表面积为1932m2·g-1的炭样在1mol·L-1 的H2SO4电解液(677mA·g-1)中充放电最大比电容为167F·g-1.     

聚苯胺修饰活性炭电极的电化学性能

有机体系下,采用循环伏安法(CV)在活性炭电极表面电聚合聚苯胺制备聚苯胺/活性炭复合电极,通过循环伏安、恒流充放电和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试了电极的电化学特性,结果表明,聚苯胺/活性炭复合电极具有良好的电容行为,在-1.0～1.5V参比极为Ag/AgCl,测试区间内具有较大的电化学容量,电极比电容高达276F·g-1,较活性炭电极的比电容92F·g-1有了很大提高.并且交流阻抗法测得活性炭电极的电荷转移电阻Rct为4.9Ω,而复合电极Rct仅2.4Ω.1000次充放电测试后,复合电极比电容仅衰减15.7%.由此表明,在有机体系下聚苯胺/活性炭复合电极是一种具有良好循环寿命和高比电容的复合电极材料.     

弱结晶二氧化锰超级电容器充放电分析

以等物质的量的高锰酸钾和乙酸锰为原料,采用机械化学法制备出弱结晶型α-MnO2超级电容器电极材料.在1.2V电压内,200mA·g-1电流密度下对对称型超级电容器进行恒流充放电测试.采用XRD法、循环伏安及交流阻抗法对充放电前后电极材料的结构以及电化学性能进行表征,首次采用求斜率法对充放电曲线分析.结果表明:超级电容器表现出法拉第电容与双电层电容的双重特征;在循环过程中,电化学惰性物质Mn3O4生成,循环伏安图中氧化还原峰逐渐消失;充放电曲线的法拉第电容特征逐渐消失而接近双电层电容理想曲线;超级电容器的比容量、等效串联电阻发生了对应的变化,其最大电极比容量达到416F·g-1,经过近500次循环后,比容量为220F·g-1.     

碱性纳米MnO2/AC混合超级电容器

采用低热固相反应法制备出纳米MnO2活性材料.循环伏安测试结果表明,在6 mol.L-1KOH电解液中,MnO2电极在-0.3~0.6 V(vs.Hg/HgO)的电压范围内表现出较好的超电容特性.恒流充放电结果表明,以MnO2为正极、活性炭(AC)为负极组成的碱性MnO2/AC混合电容器在比电流为100 mA.g-1、充放电电压范围为0~1.5 V条件下的放电比电容可达66.2 F.g-1.同样条件下,MnO2与活性炭质量比为80∶20的复合正极与活性炭负极组成的(MnO2 AC)/AC混合电容器的比电容可达78.2 F.g-1.     

中等比表面积高容量活性炭电极材料制备和表征

以天然高分子椰壳为原料,采用ZnCl2,预活化和CO2/水蒸气活化的二次活化法制备活性炭.用氮气吸附和傅里叶红外表征活性炭材料的比表面积,孔结构以及表面化学性质.结果显示,所制备的活性炭比表面积和孔径可调,中孔率为16.3%～36.9%.经首步活化的中间炭具有丰富的微孔和表面官能团,并随着第二步活化时间的增加逐渐分解,同时伴随着炭烧失率增加,导致比表面积、孔容和孔径的增大.以制备的活性炭作为电极材料,6 mol·L-1 KOH电解液构成模拟电容器.采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等方法研究了其电化学性能.结果显示,含氧官能团增加了活性炭表面的润湿性,并对比电容的增加有较大的贡献;而炭材料的比表面积增加对比电容有负面影响.中等比表面积968 m2·g-1样品的比电容达到278 F·g-1,面积比电容高达29μF·cm-2.     

掺钴锰酸锂的合成及在水系电解液中的赝电容性能

采用尿素辅助溶胶凝胶法合成了尖晶石型掺钴锰酸锂(L iMn2-xCoxO4,0≤x≤0.3)纳米颗粒.以L iMn2-xCoxO4电极为正极,活性炭(AC)电极为负极,在1 mol.L-1L i2SO4水系电解液中组装成模拟非对称超级电容器AC/L iMn2-xCoxO4,通过循环伏安和恒流充放电法研究其赝电容性能.电化学测试结果表明,随着钴掺杂量的增加,AC/L iMn2-xCoxO4电容器的比电容呈下降趋势,但循环性能得到改善;其中AC/L iMn1.9Co0.1O4电容器展现出较大的比电容和较好的循环性能.在L i2SO4水系电解液中,当工作电压为(0-1.4)V、电流密度为100 mA.g-1时,AC/L iMn1.9Co0.1O4电容器的初始比电容为42.6 F.g-1;经1 000次循环后比电容为40.8 F.g-1,比电容保持率为95.8%.     

柚皮活性炭/纳米Fe_2O_3的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

具有高比表面积和低成本的活性炭是理想的超级电容器电极材料,但其作为电极材料时与金属氧化物电极相比电荷储存能力有所不足,因此通过对活性炭进行改性以提高其比电容成为研究焦点.以柚皮为碳源、硝酸铁为铁源制备柚皮活性炭/纳米Fe_2O_3复合材料,并通过系统表征研究其形态、结构和电化学性能.结果表明:引入纳米Fe_2O_3提高了活性炭的电化学性能,在电流密度为1A/g时,活性炭的比电容为159.6F/g,而复合材料的比电容增至276.0F/g;此外在对称超级电容器中,360W/kg功率密度下的复合材料获得了9.39Wh/kg的能量密度.     

氮磷共掺杂三维石墨烯的制备及其电化学性能的研究

有机元素共掺杂能有效改善碳材料的电容性能。通过氮、磷共掺杂合成三维石墨烯(N/P-G)电极材料。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等对样品微观结构和表面物性进行表征。结果表明,当掺杂氮含量为7.03%,磷含量为4.62%,所合成N/P-G的比表面积可达156.138 m2·g-1,其平均孔径为4.45 nm,同时具有三维多孔结构。电化学性能研究表明,在1 A·g-1电流密度下比电容高达145.4 F·g-1,在16 A·g-1电流下比电容仍可保持100.8 F·g-1。所制备的氮磷共掺杂石墨烯作为电极材料可以应用于超级电容器中,前良好。     

1.7V活性炭基K_2SO_4水系超级电容器

1种以K2SO4水溶液作为电解液的高电压对称型活性炭基超级电容器.采用循环伏安法、恒电流充电/放电、电化学阻抗谱和循环稳定性等电化学方法研究了其电化学性能.结果表明,该电容器的工作电压为1.7V,在电流密度为0.25A·g-1时,单电极比电容高达156F·g-1,在功率密度为213 W·kg-1时能量密度达到38Wh·kg-1(以正负极活性物质的总质量计),等效串联电阻为1.92Ω,3 600s后的漏电流是0.36mA,在400次充放电循环中库伦效率接近100%.该研究结果表明中性的K2SO4水系电解液对探索一种新型高能量密度的超级电容器提供了一种新的可能.     

表面活性剂真空浸渍活化超级电容器用活性炭研究

采用不同种类表面活性剂对活性炭进行真空浸渍活化．通过红外光谱、热失重分析和电化学性能评价对处理前后的活性炭进行研究．结果表明,表面活性剂处理活性炭,可明显提高活性炭的有机电解液可润湿性,增加其比表面积利用率,改善活性炭电极的黏结性能．十二烷基苯磺酸钠处理后的活性炭电极,比电容由143．2F·g-1提高到196．8F·g-1,内阻由1．75Q降低到0．71Ω,最大功率密度由6035．7W·kg-1增加到9380．2W·kg-1．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-