新型三联季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

本文合成了一种三聚阳离子表面活性剂—三(2-氯化十二烷基二甲铵基乙基)胺(TCDAEA)。以三乙醇胺、氯化亚砜为原料,经分子内亲核取代合成了中间体三(2-氯乙基)胺并通过乙酰化法测定其转化率;然后以三(2-氯乙基)胺与N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺经季铵化反应合成了TCDAEA。并通过单因素条件实验考察了催化剂质量分数、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂质量分数、N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺与三(2-氯乙基)胺物质的量比等因素对产品产率的影响及其对产品溶液表面张力的影响。结果表明：当氢氧化钾质量分数为0.3%、nN,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺：n三(2-氯乙基)胺=3.9、溶剂质量分数为20%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为6h时,产品收率可达96.56%;在上述条件基础上,在25℃、临界胶束浓度为4.2?0-4mol/L时,产品溶液的表面张力降低至25.2mN/m。此外,用FT-IR方法对中间体和产物TCDAEA进行了分析表征,研究表明,TCDAEA是一种新型的三聚季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂,具有更高的表面活性。     

新型三联季铵盐表面活性剂的合成

合成一种三聚阳离子表面活性剂--三(2-氯化十二烷基二甲铵基乙基)胺(TCDAEA).以三乙醇胺、氯化亚砜为原料,经分子内亲核取代合成(中间体三(2-氯乙基)胺(TCEA);再以(2-TCEA)与N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺(12DMA)经季铵化反应合成TCDAEA.实验考察了催化剂质量分数、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂质量分数、(12DMA)与(TCEA)物质的量比等因素对产品产率的影响.结果表明:当氢氧化钾质量分数为0.3%、n12DMA:nTCEA=3.9、溶剂质量分数为20%、反应温度为80 ℃、反应时间为6 h时,产品收率可达96.6%.在25 ℃、临界胶束浓度为4.2×10-4 mol/L时,产品溶液的表面张力降低至25.2 mN/m.并用FT-IR方法对中间体(TCEA)和产物TCDAEA进行了结构表征.     

5-乙基-2-(4-氰基苯基)-1,3-二噁烷的合成

以溴乙烷和丙二酸二乙酯为原料合成2-乙基丙二酸二乙酯,收率为90.4%.2-乙基丙二酸二乙酯经还原和环合两步反应合成了目标产品5-乙基-2-(4-氰基苯基)-1,3-二噁烷,两步反应总收率为71.9%.产品经DSC确证了相变温度,并用IR和1H-NMR对其结构进行了表征.     

N,N-二乙基氨基乙基苄基醚的合成优化

以N,N-二乙基-2-氯乙胺、苯甲醇为原料,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂(PTC),50%氢氧化钠溶液为碱,二氯甲烷为溶剂,经 Williamson醚化反应合成N,N-二乙基氨基乙基苄基醚,产率最高可达90.5%.利用正交实验法考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间等对醚化反应的影响,确定了最佳合成条件为:n(PhCH2OH):n(Et2NCH2CH2C1):n(NaOH):n(PTC)=1:1.2:5:0.05.产物经沸点、红外光谱和1H-核磁共振谱给予确证.     

工艺条件对电积法制备铜粉的影响

采用不溶阳极电积法制备铜粉,研究了Cu2+质量浓度、硫酸质量浓度、电流密度、电解液温度和刮粉周期对电积过程和铜粉中位粒径的影响.结果表明:优化工艺为Cu2+质量浓度15 g.L-1、硫酸质量浓度140 g.L-1条件下,控制电流密度为1 800 A.m-2、温度为35℃、刮粉周期为30min、循环流量为14 L.h-1以及极距为4.5 cm,可得到高品质的铜粉,其粒度呈正态分布,微观形貌呈树枝状;增加铜离子质量浓度、硫酸质量浓度和电解液温度有利于降低槽电压;增加Cu2+质量浓度、电解液温度和刮粉周期有利于提高电流效率;大电流密度、高硫酸质量浓度和低Cu2+质量浓度有利于得到粉末粒度小的铜粉.     

空气阴极氯碱电解槽采用水平式逆流无隔膜结构的研究

氧阴极氯碱电解槽，具有槽电压低，不生成氢而使得电解液中气体对中性层的干扰小等优点。故在本项研究采用对向水平排列电极，不设置隔膜及电解液逆流的结构模型时，仍可得到良好的电化学性能。 在给定结构，盐水浓度及电流密度的条件下，以极距、电解液温度及逆流速度为参数，通过实验对其进行电压效率、电流效率的实验考察。当盐水含NaCl310g／l、SO4 ＝3.5g／l、PH＝7、 总电流3.5A（电流密度为10A／dm2）时，实验显示，最适宜的参数为：极距B＝16m/m；电解液温度t＝50～60℃；碱液流速40～54ml ／hr（11．4～15．4ml／A·h）：可获得碱液含Naoh118g／l；槽电压2. 06V电流效率93.0％。     

相转移催化合成 N,N-二乙基氨基乙基正丁基醚

以二乙氨基乙醇、溴代正丁烷为原料,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,氢氧化钠为碱,苯为溶剂,经Williamson醚化反应合成N,N-二乙基氨基乙基正丁基醚,产率达79.8%.研究了催化剂、反应物配比、温度和反应时间对反应产率的影响,从而确定了最佳反应条件.产物经沸点、折光率、红外光谱、氢质子核磁共振谱给予确证.     

二苯并–21–冠–7的合成与表征

采用经由中间体的两步法合成二苯并–21–冠–7,研究在氮气氛围下,反应时间、物料物质的量比和反应温度对合成双[2–(2–羟基苯氧基)乙基]醚中间体产率的影响;进一步研究在氮气氛围下,中间体与二氯三甘醇合成二苯并–21–冠–7的反应时间和反应温度对产率的影响.实验结果表明:回流时间为50,h、物料邻苯二酚和二氯乙基醚的物质的量比为2.5∶1、合成温度75,℃时,中间体的产率可达39.82%;在110,℃下中间体与二氯三甘醇回流反应25,h,二苯并–21–冠–7的产率为57.00%.采用显微熔点法确定合成产品的熔点范围,采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、质谱(MS)对合成的产品进行结构表征,结果表明本实验设计的合成方案切实可行.     

12种二肽衍生物的非水毛细管电泳分离研究

以新型荧光试剂2-（11H-苯[a]咔唑）乙基氯甲酸酯（BCEC-Cl）为柱前衍生试剂,采用非水毛细管电泳技术对衍生二肽进行分离.以甲醇和乙腈为溶剂,乙酸-乙酸铵为缓冲体系,采用279nm二极管阵列检测.在甲醇与乙腈体积比为7：3、乙酸铵浓度为50mmol·L^-1、乙酸浓度为0.8mol·L^-1、柱温为25℃、分离电压为28kV的条件下,实现了12种二肽衍生物的基线分离.     

导流式铝电解槽电-热平衡计算建模与应用

采用经验公式与数值计算相结合的方法建立导流槽电平衡及能量平衡计算模型,针对1台114.5 kA系列槽进行计算,得到槽体电-热场的分布和槽膛内形的相关信息.研究结果表明:在设定的工艺条件下,导流槽的槽极距可降至2.75 cm,体系电压可降至3.312 V,铝电解能量利用率提高到53.63％,体现了导流槽的极大节能潜力.在计算工况下,导流槽也能获得形状规整的槽帮,稳态时槽帮厚度可达12 cm左右.该计算模型和计算结果可为导流槽的设计提供参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.