稠油-水两相高温高压垂直管流压降规律

针对深层稠油在井筒举升过程中形成油水两相混合流体造成举升困难的问题,采用高温高压垂直管流装置,实验研究了加入乳化降黏剂前后高温(30～130℃)、高压(0.1～50 MPa)条件下不同持水率稠油水两相流体的垂直管流压降规律,发现压降损失随持水率的增加逐渐增大,在相转换点附近达到最大值,发生相转换后,随持水率增加急剧降低.流速越大,压降损失越大,但当流速增大到一定值时,由于高流速下稠油的剪切变稀特性,压降增加趋于平缓.在高温高压实验数据基础上,依据前人模型,推导并修正得出稠油水两相压降计算模型,实验数据与模型拟合度达0.97以上,绘制了不同黏度稠油在不同油水比下的举升压差关系图版,为进一步精确预测含水稠油的井筒压降规律提供了新的方法.     

不同冻融时期土壤水分运动参数特征分析及数值模拟

为科学探究不同冻融期土壤水分运动参数变异规律,以野外大田实测土壤温度为参考.利用改进的水平土柱法测定土壤水分扩散率,用SW080B张力入渗仪测定土壤导水率.同时将试验获得的扩散率和导水率方程带入冻土水热运移方程,通过方程求解得出含水率值与实测值进行误差分析,进而验证土壤水分扩散率与导水率方程的适用性.研究结果表明:在快速冻结期,随土层深度增加,土壤扩散和导水能力呈现出增强趋势;在稳定冻结期,0～40cm土层扩散和导水能力变化不显著,且处于相对稳定状态;在融化期,土壤水分扩散和导水能力随土层深度增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律.此外,各土层含水率真实值和模拟值的均方根误差(RMSE)位于1.01～13.54cm~3/cm,误差较小.该试验方法能够较为精确的获取冻融期土壤水分运动参数,并且能够有效的实现冻融期土壤水分动态过程模拟.     

防火林带不同树种枝叶持水率研究

通过对盱眙香樟、女贞、侧柏、广玉兰、杨树、海桐、油茶和淡竹等8种树种的鲜枝叶含水率和枯枝叶最大持水率的测定,分析了不同木质可燃物的失水率。结果表明:(1)杨树的鲜叶含水率、鲜枝含水率、枯叶最大持水率和枯枝最大持水率等4种含水率都明显大于其他树种,女贞、广玉兰、海桐、油茶等4种植物的4种含水率也相对较高;侧柏和淡竹除了枯叶最大持水率稍高外,其他3种含水率较低,香樟枯枝最大持水率较低,其他3种含水率中等。(2)广玉兰和杨树的鲜叶和鲜枝失水速率都是最慢的,而侧柏和油茶较快,其他树种为中等失水速率;枯枝叶失水都较慢的有杨树、广玉兰和女贞,其次为香樟、侧柏,其他树种有的枯叶失水快,有的枯枝失水快。     

甘肃白龙江亚高山杜鹃粗木质残体腐烂程度与持水性能研究

以甘肃白龙江高海拔杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii Planch)纯林木残体为研究对象,采用野外实地观测和样带法,研究腐烂程度、密度与持水性能的关系。结果表明:CWD的密度随着腐烂程度的增加而减小;吸水速率随着浸泡时间增加而降低;持水率的变化幅度随着时间的增加而减小,一般情况下在同一时间段内腐烂程度越大持水率越大,即Ⅲ〉Ⅱ〉Ⅰ,但是在0~4 h时段内Ⅱ的持水率稍大于Ⅰ的持水率;腐烂等级与储水潜力呈正相关性,即腐烂程度越大相应的储水潜力越大;最大拦截率随着密度的减小而增大;自然含水率与物质本身有关外,还与降雨量、光照等有关。因此,就甘肃白龙江高海拔杜鹃三种不同腐烂程度的木残体而言,腐烂程度最高的密度最小,其有效持水率(244.31%)、最大持水率(240.33%)、有效拦截率(151.04%)都较高,持水能力(0.46)也最大。     

随钻电阻率测井的围岩影响及校正方法研究

随钻电阻率在随钻测井中占有重要的地位。随钻电阻率受井眼(井径,泥浆)、围岩(高阻或低阻邻层)等环境因素的影响,其测井值常不同于实际地层的电阻率值。对随钻测井曲线进行环境影响校正主要使用图版法。校正图版是根据理论计算或实验结果做出的,不适合于逐点对所有井段的地层进行较全面的环境影响校正。以Schlumberger、Haliburton和Bakerhuges三大公司随钻电阻率测井的围岩影响校正图版,研究了围岩电阻率、地层厚度和倾角与随钻电阻率测井值的关系,对图版采样读值,并采用神经网络法进行最优拟合得到校正公式,编制程序来实现随钻电阻率测井的围岩影响自动校正。应用表明,用这种自动校正法处理得到的结果合理,校正效果明显。     

超高压高CO2气藏偏差系数图版扩展与应用

Standing-Katz图版法确定天然气偏差系数是目前最常用、最基础的方法之一,但存在人工读值误差大、在超高压（拟对比压力大于15）和高CO₂含量天然气使用受限等问题。设计单组分偏差系数测定实验,结合Standing-Katz图版曲线变化规律,将图版拟对比压力扩展到30,拟对比温度扩展到3.6,并将图版数字化;基于不同CO₂含量偏差系数测定实验结果,推导了考虑不同CO₂含量的天然气拟临界压力、拟临界温度计算新模型,与常规非烃校正模型相比,新模型计算精度更高,适用范围更广。进一步将新临界参数校正模型嵌入到偏差系数扩展图版中,得到不同CO₂含量的偏差系数扩展图版,该图版在南海西部超高温高压、高CO₂含量天然气偏差系数计算中误差较小（不超过3%）,应用效果良好。     

校正致密岩心中末端效应及相渗计算误差的计算方法

室内相渗曲线测试常采用非稳态方法。传统测量方法未考虑末端效应及相渗曲线的计算误差。基于末端效应机理研究,建立了考虑致密砂岩末端效应的数学模型;并分析了末端效应和JBN计算方法对致密砂岩岩心非稳态法相渗测试结果的误差。研究表明:增大驱替压差或提高岩心长度可有效降低末端效应导致的测试误差;但降低幅度存在极限值。同时,仅改变实验条件无法完全消除JBN计算方法导致的测试误差。因此,得到考虑末端效应的致密砂岩岩心非稳态法测定相渗曲线的校正图版,能够保证相渗曲线测试结果的准确性、提高油田生产动态预测的可信度。     

基于奇异矩阵分解法的河道糙率反演计算方法

为了提高河道糙率计算的精度,在奇异矩阵分解法的基础上提出了河道糙率反演计算方法,并通过编程实现了算法.该算法以水位计算值与实测值在非恒定流整个计算时程中误差逐渐减小作为目标函数,并通过对计算域中测点值输出误差的不断迭代校正,达到求解目的.东江108km天然河道糙率率定结果表明,该河道糙率反演计算方法精度较高,可用于河道过流能力及复杂河网水动力模拟分析,可解决欠定的糙率率定问题并提高模型的实用性和洪水预报精度.     

半空间水平放置阵列感应测井仪的刻度及误差校正

论述了在半空间测量水平放置阵列感应测井仪器线圈系误差的理论和方法,给出了误差校正图版和误差校正公式;讨论了半空间中均质地层电导率对仪器常数刻度值的影响。将阵列感应测井仪器水平悬挂在距地面两个不同的高度处,根据预先确定出的背景信号与信号差之间的关系,可以在无需知道地层电导率的情况下确定出每个单元阵列不同输出曲线的线圈系误差。计算结果表明:若线圈系距地面高度较高,且地层电导率值较小,则地层对仪器常数刻度值的影响可以忽略。     

冻融循环对原状黄土的持水特性影响

冻融作用是引起黄土边坡溜塌和路基沉陷等工程病害不可忽视的重要因素。持水特性作为分析非饱和黄土水力-力学特性的关键物性,有关冻融作用对黄土持水特性的影响有待深入研究。该文以冻融循环后原状黄土为研究对象,研究了冻融循环次数和冻融前含水率对持水曲线及其特征参数的影响。研究结果表明,冻融循环对持水曲线的影响呈波动性变化,影响程度受控于循环次数与冻融前初始含水率水平;不同冻融条件下饱和度与吸力比(吸力与进气值之比)关系可以归一;通过建立进气值与构度指标之间的定量联系,构建了可统一考虑冻融循环作用影响的修正持水模型;初步证实了冻融循环条件对原状黄土持水曲线的影响,可以通过土的构度指标变化引起进气值的改变来反映。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.