Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a root endosymbiosis between plants and glomeromycete fungi. It is the most widespread terrestrial plant symbiosis, improving plant uptake of water and mineral nutrients. Yet, despite its crucial role in land ecosystems, molecular mechanisms leading to its formation are just beginning to be unravelled. Recent evidence suggests that AM fungi produce diffusible symbiotic signals. Here we show that Glomus intraradices secretes symbiotic signals that are a mixture of sulphated and non-sulphated simple lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which stimulate formation of AM in plant species of diverse families (Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Umbelliferae). In the legume Medicago truncatula these signals stimulate root growth and branching by the symbiotic DMI signalling pathway. These findings provide a better understanding of the evolution of signalling mechanisms involved in plant root endosymbioses and will greatly facilitate their molecular dissection. They also open the way to using these natural and very active molecules in agriculture.     

东寨港红树林丛枝菌根真菌侵染和孢子密度及其影响因子研究

丛枝菌根(AM)结构存在于多种红树植物根内,但目前对于红树林中AM真菌的研究还未能完全揭示其存在的原因和状况。研究通过对海南东寨港红树林中不同潮位16种红树植物根内AM侵染情况、AM真菌孢子密度以及土壤理化因子开展调查,以了解东寨港红树林中AM真菌的存在状况及其影响因素。结果表明12种红树植物与AM真菌存在共生关系,其中海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)侵染率较高,均高于55%;16种植物根际土壤中均检测到AM真菌孢子,每25 g土壤的平均孢子密度为(25.7±2.7)个。方差分析表明,不同宿主植物根内AM侵染情况差异显著;潮位对AM侵染率和孢子密度均具有显著影响,表现为高潮位显著高于中、低潮位,而中低潮位间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明土壤含水率、电导率和有效磷含量可能是影响东寨港红树林生境中AM侵染率和孢子密度的主要土壤因子。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal formation of crucifer leaf mustard induced by flavonoids apigenin and daidzein

Flavonoids from legume root secretion may probably act as signal molecules for expression of Rhizobial “nod” nodulation genes and AM fungal symbiotic gene. Leaf mustard is a non-mycorrhizal plant; it does not contain flavonoids and other signal molecules. AM fungi could not infect the roots of leaf mustard and form a symbiont in nature,when it was treated with flavonoids (apigenin or daidzein).The results of trypan blue staining showed that two kinds of AM fungi (G intraradices and G mosseae) successfully infected the roots of non-mycorrhizal plant leaf mustard. AM fungi grew towards and colonized the roots of leaf mustard,producing young spores and completing the course of life.AM fungi are the only one kind of fungi with ALP activity.The result of ALP staining has also proved that AM fungi infected successfully the roots of leaf mustard. AM fungi (G intraradices and G mosseae) that existed in the roots of non-mycorrhizal plant leaf mustard were probed by nested PCR and special molecular probes. The above-mentioned proof chains have fully proved that flavonoids induced AM fungi (G intraradices and G mosseae) to infect non-mycorrhizal plant and establish symbiotic relationship.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: hyphal fusion and multigenomic structure

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) reproduce asexually, are multinucleate, and have high genetic variation within single cells. Pawlowska and Taylor find that genetic variation within AM fungal cells is not lost as a result of segregation, and they interpret this as evidence that the variation is present within each nucleus and that all nuclei within individual spores are genetically identical (that is, homokaryotic). Here we show that their empirical observations are also consistent with a distribution of genetic variation between nuclei within spores (that is, heterokaryotic), given that there is fusion of fungal hyphae. This analysis, together with complementary findings, suggests that AM fungi have an unusual genomic structure in which multiple, genetically diverse nuclei are maintained within cells through remixing by hyphal fusion.     

三种水份条件下湿生植物Lythrum salicaria L.的菌根状况及其对植物生长的影响

陆生植物的菌根已被广泛研究,对湿生植物菌根的研究却很少.本研究的目的是检测在水淹、潮湿和干旱条件下水生植物L.salicaria的菌根合成状况及其对植物生长的影响.在三种水份条件下,L.salicaria与来源于不同地点(干旱和水淹)的两种接种物(F2和F1)均可形成菌根,水份条件和接种物种类都显著地影响菌根的合成水平(P《0.05).F1和F2接种物与植物合成菌根的水平均在水淹处理中最低. F1接种物与L.salicaria合成菌根的水平在潮湿和干旱处理中显著地高于水淹处理(P《0.05),并且趋势是:潮湿》干旱》水淹处理.F2接种物与L.salicaria合成菌根的水平在三种水份处理中没有显著区别,但仍然可观察到一个趋势:干旱》潮湿》水淹处理.在水淹和干旱处理中,菌根对植物地上部分的生长和根的生物量积累没有影响.在潮湿处理中被F1接种的植株与被F2接种的植株与对照植株相比,地上部分干重、根鲜重显著地低;地上部分鲜/干重比、地上部分/根鲜重比显著地高.水份条件显著地影响植物的生长行为.     

用分子探针探测两种AM真菌在同一宿主植物根内的侵染

两种AM菌根真菌(G．intraradices和G．mosseae)混合接种于同一宿主植物紫云英中，通过Trypan blue染色检测了AM真菌在紫云英根中的存在，并通过nested PCR和特异性的分子探针，探测了Gintraradices和G．mosseae对紫云英同一根段的侵染。     

檀香及其宿主植物假蒿根中内生真菌的研究

研究目的：檀香（Santalum口舾“聊Linn．）为檀香科（Santalaceae）檀香属（Santalum）树种,属于常绿半寄生小乔木,其心材为传统名贵中药。檀香与其寄主植物假蒿通过根端的吸盘相连,探讨檀香与其宿主之间内生真菌的关系具有重要意义。创新要点：假蒿（KuhniarosmarinifoliaVent．）是幼龄檀香很好的寄主。目前已经对许多药用植物的内生真菌的分离和鉴定进行了大量研究,但是关于檀香和假蒿之间关系的研究报道较少。本研究首次探讨了檀香及其宿主植物假蒿根中内生真菌的数量和种类,为进一步研究两者之间的关系提供一些有用的信息。研究方法：采用组织块分离法从檀香的根和其宿主植物假蒿的根部材料分离内生真菌,并采用形态学鉴定和分子鉴定手段对分离的内生真菌进行鉴定。重要结论：从檀香的根和其宿主植物假蒿的根中160个组织块中分离和鉴定了共25个真菌类群,其中青霉属真菌Penicilliumsp．1为檀香根中优势菌,镰孢属真菌Fusariumsp．1为假蒿根中优势菌。特别有意思的是两种植物根中没有分离到明显相同的内生真菌。     

Organization of genetic variation in individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) are thought to be the oldest group of asexual multicellular organisms. They colonize the roots of most land plants, where they facilitate mineral uptake from the soil in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon. Cells of AM fungi contain hundreds of nuclei. Unusual polymorphism of ribosomal DNA observed in individual spores of AM fungi inspired a hypothesis that heterokaryosis--that is, the coexistence of many dissimilar nuclei in cells--occurs throughout the AM fungal life history. Here we report a genetic approach to test the hypothesis of heterokaryosis in AM fungi. Our study of the transmission of polymorphic genetic markers in natural isolates of Glomus etunicatum, coupled with direct amplification of rDNA from microdissected nuclei by polymerase chain reaction, supports the alternative hypothesis of homokaryosis, in which nuclei populating AM fungal individuals are genetically uniform. Intrasporal rDNA polymorphism contained in each nucleus signals a relaxation of concerted evolution, a recombination-driven process that is responsible for homogenizing rDNA repeats. Polyploid organization of glomeromycotan genomes could accommodate intranuclear rDNA polymorphism and buffer these apparently asexual organisms against the effects of accumulating mutations.     

几种野生花卉丛枝菌根发育状况的研究

丛枝菌根是自然界中,植物与真菌形成的分布最广泛的一类互惠共生体。作者对山东省的6种重要野生花卉小黄花菜(Hemerocallis minorMill.)、萱草(Hemerocallis fulvaL.)、琥珀千里光(Senecio ambraceusTurcz.)、矮鸢尾(Iris chamaeiris)、甘野菊(Dendranthema lavandulaefolium)、锦鸡儿(Catagana sinicaRehd.)的AM真菌的侵染状况、典型结构的发育状况以及其根际土壤中AM真菌的孢子密度和根际AM真菌的相对多度和频度进行了研究。结果表明,所调查的6种野生花卉都被AM真菌侵染,且可观察到典型结构泡囊,其根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度也相当丰富。在本次调查中共分离到了5个属的AM真菌,其中无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是野生花卉根际AM真菌的优势类群。     

泉州地区28种药用植物根围土壤中AM真菌的分布和侵染情况

调查福建泉州地区28种药用植物根围土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的分布和侵染情况.依据AM真菌孢子形态的鉴定,分离出AM真菌5属56种,其中优势属球囊霉属35种,黑球囊霉为优势种;27种药用植物能与AM真菌形成良好共生关系,17种药用植物AM真菌侵染强度为5级,土牛膝的侵染率为0.牡荆、络石根围AM真菌种的丰度最高为14,络石的Shannon-Weiner指数最高达到2.09,桫椤的均匀度最高为0.95.结果表明:药用植物根围AM真菌多样性与土壤因子密切相关;Shannon-Weiner指数与电导率极显著正相     

摩西球囊霉和施P量对丹参生长和养分含量的影响

为探明AM真菌促进丹参生长效应及其作用机理,以非灭菌土为生长基质,采用盆栽实验,研究了不同施P量与摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.）生长和养分含量的影响.结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉对不同施P水平下丹参生长有显著影响,能够提高丹参根系菌根侵染率,但高施P量...     

镉、铜复合污染下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米重金属吸收的影响

 农田重金属污染引发的环境问题日益受到关注。通过盆栽实验,开展Cd、Cu 复合污染条件下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对玉米的接种研究,探讨了重金属污染对宿主与AMF 共生的影响、AMF 对玉米重金属耐受性和吸收方面的作用。结果显示,AMF 具有一定的Cd、Cu 耐性,但重金属处理能明显抑制AMF 对玉米根系的侵染（P<0.05）,尤其是减少AMF 的丛枝和泡囊结构形成。重金属明显抑制了玉米的生长,但AMF 能够缓解重金属的生物毒性效应,表现为玉米植株的生物量、株高的显著增加（P<0.05）。接种AMF 会显著提高玉米对Cd 和Cu 的积累（P<0.05）。结果表明,重金属污染对农田生态系统中农作物和AMF 均具有潜在的危害。在一定程度重金属污染的农田生态系统中,AMF 能够改善农作物对重金属的耐性,也可能提高重金属进入人类食物链的风险。     

AM宿主植物金银花对喀斯特干湿交替的光合响应

以盆栽的方式,探究了接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌后金银花在西南岩溶地干湿交替的变水环境下光合响应的变化,期望为喀斯特地区生态环境的恢复提供思路.结果表明:在适宜水分条件下,接种AM真菌促进了金银花的净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),气孔导度(Gs)和气孔密度.在短期干旱条件下,接种AM真菌对Pn和Tr均没有明显影响;然而干旱持续时间加长后,Pn有显著提高,Gs受到抑制,Tr相比未接种组反而降低,水分利用效率(WUEi)有所上升.在短期干湿交替下,接种AM真菌后各项光合指标均没有显著提高,反而金银花植株的Pn和Tr被抑制,长期干湿交替的WUEi虽然提高但是以牺牲植物的光合作用为代价.总之,接种真菌对适宜水分下金银花光合能力的促进最为明显,干旱下有一定促进能力,但是在反复的干湿交替变水下,接种植株的光合作用没有得到显著促进.     

AM真菌对沙田柚组培苗炼苗期水分生理及生长效应的研究

对沙田柚组培苗移栽时接种AM真菌,从试验当天起定期采样对根系的AM真菌侵染情况和叶片的相对水分含量、光合参数、叶绿素含量、ABA含量、脯氨酸含量及植株茎和根系的N、P、K含量等进行测定.结果表明:1)AM真菌侵染沙田柚组培苗根系过程非常迅速;2)接种AM真菌有利于提高沙田柚组培苗植株叶片叶绿素含量,增强光合产物的生产能力;有利于提高植株叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度,显著降低叶片ABA含量增加的速度,减轻植株受水分胁迫的程度;有利于植株更有效地吸收水分,显著提高叶片相对水分含量,促进幼苗的生长,提高幼苗的抗旱能力;3)接种AM真菌有利于沙田柚对N、P的积累,其中又以P含量的提高尤为明显;促进组培苗的生长发育,使植株的鲜重显著增加,茎鲜重增加尤为显著.研究认为接种AM真菌的方法简单易行,有助于沙田柚度过干旱期而提高种植沙田柚的经济效益,可在重庆市大面积推广使用.     

A plant receptor-like kinase required for both bacterial and fungal symbiosis

Most higher plant species can enter a root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in which plant carbon is traded for fungal phosphate. This is an ancient symbiosis, which has been detected in fossils of early land plants. In contrast, the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses of plants with bacteria evolved more recently, and are phylogenetically restricted to the rosid I clade of plants. Both symbioses rely on partially overlapping genetic programmes. We have identified the molecular basis for this convergence by cloning orthologous SYMRK ('symbiosis receptor-like kinase') genes from Lotus and pea, which are required for both fungal and bacterial recognition. SYMRK is predicted to have a signal peptide, an extracellular domain comprising leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane and an intracellular protein kinase domain. Lotus SYMRK is required for a symbiotic signal transduction pathway leading from the perception of microbial signal molecules to rapid symbiosis-related gene activation. The perception of symbiotic fungi and bacteria is mediated by at least one common signalling component, which could have been recruited during the evolution of root nodule symbioses from the already existing arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.     

不同宿主植物对丹参根围土著AM真菌生长发育的影响

利用盆栽实验在灭菌条件下研究了玉米(Zea mays)、葱(Allium fistulosum)、黑麦草(Loliumperenne)和三叶草(Trifolium repens)等4种宿主植物对丹参(Salviamiltiorrhiza)根围土著AM真菌生长和繁殖特性的影响.结果表明,4种供试植物都能与AM真菌形成共生关系,但不同宿主植物形成的菌根特性和程度有明显差异.以三叶草为宿主植物对AM真菌生长最为有利,其根内菌丝SDH活性、孢子数均高于其他3种植物.     

FAST台址环境对GPS-RTK测量精度的影响及应对措施

FAST（Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,500 m口径球反射面射电望远镜）是我国正在贵州建设的重大科学项目,建成后将成为世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜.其中FAST馈源一次支撑测量精度要求17 mm,将采用GPS-RTK与全站仪两种测量方式,本文主要通过实测数据分析FAST台址洼地环境对GPS-RTK测量精度造成的影响,并根据FAST台址地形图和馈源舱的运行轨迹制定相应的解决方案.     

影响AM真菌孢子萌发因素的研究

在离体条件下培养AM真菌孢子,测定不同培养基pH值、成分以及培养温度条件下的孢子萌发率,优化AM真菌孢子的培养环境.结果表明：培养基pH6.0时,孢子萌发率最高,过高或过低都会抑制孢子的萌发.AM真菌在土壤中储存两个月最有利于孢子萌发.培养基中添加人工合成植物激素GR24对孢子萌发率有极显著影响,浓度450 pg/L时,孢子萌发率最高.低浓度的精胺能够增加孢子菌丝的生长点个数,提高孢子的萌发率,含量过高时（＞40 mg/L）抑制孢子的萌发.培养温度30℃较适合AM真菌孢子的萌发,低于或高于30℃孢子萌发率有所下降.本试验结果将为构建AM真菌-毛状根双重培养体系提供适宜的培养条件.     

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles as well as in the ecology, evolution and physiology of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants. Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

菌根共生体中植物信号物质的产生及其作用机制

菌根是丛枝菌根真菌与宿主植物形成的互利共生体,在共生的不同阶段,植物产生一系列的信号物质如独脚金内酯、溶血磷脂酰胆碱、茉莉酸和水杨酸等.这些信号物质在植物与丛枝菌根真菌间相互识别、菌根形成、营养物质交换,以及植物防御反应诱导等方面发挥重要作用.文中探讨植物信号物质在丛枝菌根共生系统形成前后和病原体侵害的3个阶段可能的生理效应和作用机制,旨在为研究丛枝菌根真菌与植物信号物质的相互作用及其在农业生产和环境保护方面的应用提供依据.