土壤圆锥指数、水分与容重耦合模型的试验比较——Ⅰ.模型性能的统计检验与容重预测

应用一种先进的双变量（土壤圆锥指数与水分）传感器复合测量系统,基于前人提出的土壤圆锥指数、水分与容重的4种半经验模型（Ayers,Upadhyaya,Busscher与Hernanz模型）,以相关系数R^2与统计残差作为检验指标,根据各模型的结构特点,结合两种质地土壤（粘土与粉质壤土）,针对容重预测精度与可应用性进行了深入试验研究．结果表明,Ayers和Upadhyaya模型虽然预测精度较高,但与土壤容重的解析关系为隐函数,在线辨识计算工作量只能取决迭代过程的收敛性,因而在实际应用上受到一定程度的限制．相比之下Busscher与Hernanz模型计算土壤容重方便快捷,但预测精度较低．     

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles as well as in the ecology, evolution and physiology of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants. Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

Io as a source of the jovian dust streams

Streams of dust emerging from the direction of Jupiter were discovered in 1992 during the flyby of the Ulysses spacecraft, but their precise origin within the jovian system remained unclear. Further data collected by the Galileo spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since December 1995, identified the possible sources of dust as Jupiter's main ring, its gossamer ring, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (ref. 8) and Io. All but Jupiter's gossamer ring and Io have since been ruled out. Here we find that the dominant source of the jovian dust streams is Io, on the basis of periodicities in the dust impact signal. Io's volcanoes, rather than impact ejecta, are the dust sources.     

Structural and mechanistic insights into the interaction between Rho and mammalian Dia

Formins are involved in a variety of cellular processes that require the remodelling of the cytoskeleton. They contain formin homology domains FH1 and FH2, which initiate actin assembly. The Diaphanous-related formins form a subgroup that is characterized by an amino-terminal Rho GTPase-binding domain (GBD) and an FH3 domain, which bind somehow to the carboxy-terminal Diaphanous autoregulatory domain (DAD) to keep the protein in an inactive conformation. Upon binding of activated Rho proteins, the DAD is released and the ability of the formin to nucleate and elongate unbranched actin filaments is induced. Here we present the crystal structure of RhoC in complex with the regulatory N terminus of mammalian Diaphanous 1 (mDia1) containing the GBD/FH3 region, an all-helical structure with armadillo repeats. Rho uses its 'switch' regions for interacting with two subdomains of GBD/FH3. We show that the FH3 domain of mDia1 forms a stable dimer and we also identify the DAD-binding site. Although binding of Rho and DAD on the N-terminal fragment of mDia1 are mutually exclusive, their binding sites are only partially overlapping. On the basis of our results, we propose a structural model for the regulation of mDia1 by Rho and DAD.     

不同粗糙度尺度下预测表层土壤孔隙率量化指数比较研究

针对当前精细农业对农田信息快速采集的需求,本研究提出了基于土壤粗糙度预测表层土壤孔隙率的方法,而采用何种量化指数表征土壤粗糙度是深化研究的关键.本文首先系统总结了几种已有的衡量土壤粗糙度的量化指数,进而提出一种新的基于小尺度的土壤粗糙度指数Rd.根据对4种不同耕作方式下应用地面激光扫描仪获取的原始试验数据进行初步处理,并将4种粗糙度量化指数与表层土壤孔隙率的相关性做了比较研究,得出了两个重要结论:(1)与其它粗糙度量化指数相比,Rd与表层土壤孔隙率的相关性最高(R2=0.752);(2)基于激光扫描方法快速分析表层土壤孔隙率具有潜在的应用价值.     

土壤圆锥指数、水分与容重耦合模型的试验比较研究——Ⅱ.水分与深度的影响

在对4种模型统计性能的水平检验与容重预测精度评价的基础上,分析与检验了各模型中水分与行进深度的影响作用.为分解水分对圆锥指数的单因数影响,采用定义水分影响指数(的方法.对于圆锥传感器行进深度的影响作用,借助于da与ead两种独立的深度影响因子,结合各模型与试验数据进行了计算与比较.结果表明:(1)只有Ayers模型能够较好地刻画土壤圆锥指数与水分间的耦合关系;(2)根据Ayers模型与Upadhyaya模型,圆锥传感器行进深度对圆锥指数的影响作用可以忽略;(3)根据Busscher模型,圆锥传感器行进深度显著影响圆锥指数的数值,但与此同时水分影响却可忽略不计,这显然与事实不符.由此看来,应用 Ayers 模型解析土壤圆锥指数、水分与容重的耦合关系,优于其它模型,但它作为隐函数,寻求最优迭代算法有待进一步研究.