Comparisons of grain size characteristics of red earth from southern China with that of loess and dune sand from Beijing region

The comparisons of grain size distributions among eolian deposits along the monsoon wind trajectory are a fundamental task for the reconstruction of the past wind regimes. Here the authors sampled the dune sands in Hunsandak desert, loess deposits in Beijing region and red earth in southern China. Grain size analyses show that the distribution models of the loess and dune sand samples are unimodal whereas the red earth and paleosol are polymodal. The red earth, paleosol, loess and dune samples are distinguished and closely related to one another in grain size parameter diagrams. Moreover, the grain size distributions and parameters of the red earth and paleosol are similar, implying that the red earth in southern China and the paleosol in northern China had the same origin.     

Grain-size evidence for multiple origins of the reticulate red clay in southern China

The loess-paleosol sequences in Chinese Loess Plateau record the multi-cyclic paleo-climatic changes in the Quaternary period[1]. Presently, what interests people most is that at what degrees and scales the climates in southern China had corresponded to the alternating changes be-tween the glacial and interglacial climates in northern China in the Quaternary period. Many researchers[2―10] hope to find some potential Quaternary sediment materials in southern China, just as the loess-paleoso…     

Grain size distribution of quartz isolated from Chinese loess1 paleosol

Grain size distribution of bulk loess-paleosol and quartz chemically extracted from the loess/paleosol shows that mean size of the bulk samples is always finer than that of the quartz. The original aeolian depositions have been modified to various degrees by post-depositional weathering and pedogenic processes. The grain size distribution of the isolated quartz should be close to that of the primary aeolian sediment because the chemical pretreatment excludes secondary produced minerals. Therefore, the grain size of the quartz may be considered to more clearly reflect the variations of winter monsoon intensity.     

Grain size distribution of quartz isolated from Chinese loess/paleosol

Grain size distribution of bulk loess-paleosol and quartz chemically extracted from the loess/paleosol shows that mean size of the bulk samples is always finer than that of the quartz. The original aeolian depositions have been modified to various degrees by post-depositional weathering and pedogenic processes. The grain size distribution of the isolated quartz should be close to that of the primary aeolian sediment because the chemical pretreatment excludes secondary produced minerals. Therefore, the grain size of the quartz may be considered to more clearly reflect the variations of winter monsoon intensity.     

咸阳市区晚更新世黄土微结构特征及其环境意义

目的揭示咸阳市区晚更新世黄土的微结构特征,探讨黄土微结构特征与其形成环境的关系,为区域环境提供科学依据。方法应用粒度分析和扫描电子显微镜对咸阳市区晚更新世黄土．古土壤系列的微结构进行分析研究。结果粒度小于0．005 mm的黏粒级含量在黄土与古土壤中差异最大,S1古土壤高达39．7％,而L1黄土仅24％;S1古土壤黏粒中大量铁质黏粒胶膜呈流胶状出现并有次生伊利石的产出,结构密实;L1黄土微骨架颗粒相互支架,黏粒胶结物含量较少,胶结程度差,土质疏松。结论咸阳市区晚更新世S1古土壤形成在湿热的森林环境,L1黄土形成于干冷的草原环境,S0黑垆土形成于凉湿气候环境。     

末次间冰期陇西黄土记录与气候不稳定性问题的初步研究

陕西黄土高原黄土记录的分辩率较高，Ｓ１古土壤厚达８．５ｍ，主要由两个古土壤组和其间黄土层组成。临夏塬堡剖面上可分为５个古土壤层，主要黄土层记录了末次间冰期内的较干冷高粉尘堆积时期。     

国内外海岸风成砂粒度参数特征的比较与分析

利用278个国外海岸沙丘砂样数据和136个国内海岸沙丘砂样数据，采用平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度和峰态等指标，对国内外海岸风成砂的粒度参数特征进行了比较和分析。结果表明，我国温带海岸风成砂的粒度参数特征并不完全具备是由分选很好的细砂组成、偏度为对称至正偏、峰态很宽等国外海岸风成砂的粒度参数特征，此与我国海岸风成砂特有的发育条件和演化过程密切相关，其中主要与季风气候特征显、形成时间短风力作用时间有限以及风沙活动空间狭小等有关。     

安徽宣城第四纪红土剖面石英颗粒扫描电镜研究

扫描电镜下对宣城剖面１６７个石英颗粒的表面特征进行了详细的观察．剖面中石英颗粒的磨园度、球度较高,表明沉积物在地质营力的主导下经过了较长距离的搬运,在ＥＳＲ年代学研究中可以认定其初始剂量为零;相比于棕黄色古土壤母质层,古土壤层中的石英颗粒表面化学结构极为发育,指示了古土壤形成期的气候相对温湿．     

下蜀土剖面磁化率反映古气候变化机制的探讨

通过对典型下蜀土样品的低温磁化率测量，探讨下蜀土剖面磁化率反映古气候变化的机制。结果表明，下蜀土构成剖面中古土壤、黄土层的磁性晶粒的大小不同，古土壤中大量的细小超顺磁颗粒的存在是其磁化率增高的主要原因，这种细小磁性颗粒在古土壤中的积聚可能与其发育及古气候的暖湿程度有关。     

黄土工程力学性质的变化及控制因素

研究了黄土工程力学性质的变化及控制因素，由黄土与红色古土壤工程力学实验资料表明，黄土的承载力、压强度与抗剪强度小于红色古土壤，这是它们经受了不同成壤作用的结果，通过分析实验得出粘化作用强，土壤力学强度大，粘化作用弱，土壤力学经度小，黄土地层工程力学性质在垂向上具有明显波动变化规律，这种变化是黄土与红色古土壤发育时冷干与温湿气候的交替变化造成的。     

皖南风尘堆积—古土壤序列磁化率初步研究

将北方黄土研究中广泛应用的磁化率参数引入江南第四纪风尘堆积区研究,对安徽宣城风尘堆积－古土壤序列向阳剖面进行了系统的磁化率化采样、测试,根据该剖面磁化率及其曲线的变化特征,对其古气候指示意义进行了初步的探讨．     

汉江上游谷地黄褐土粒度组成特征及其意义

对汉江上游谷地河流一级阶地上黄褐土的粒度组成进行了分析.结果显示:剖面下部黄土的粒度参数数值(σ=1.72,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和粒度分布曲线与古土壤的参数(σ=1.73,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和曲线一致,而与区内典型洪水滞流沉积物洪水SWD(σ=1.9,Kg=1.10,S=1.20)不同;在粒度成分三角图中,黄土和古土壤集中落在小的区域内,而洪水SWD呈分散分布;黄土的Y值均小于—2.741 1,而洪水SWD大多数样品Y值大于—2.741 1.这证明汉江上游谷地古土壤S0继承了黄土的基本特征,两者具有风成堆积物的特性.与渭河谷地典型黄土对比,汉江上游谷地的黄土粒度与其十分相似,说明二者具有同源性.     

山东小清河流域黄土的发现及勘探意义

通过钻孔取样、野外考察、粒度分析等方法对山东小清河流域浅层的沉积物特征进行研究。结果表明:小清河流域南部浅层沉积物以泥质粉砂和粉砂质泥为主,富含钙质结核和蜗牛化石等黄土标志物,发育明显的黄土-古土壤沉积旋回;南部粒度特征与青州黄土、北京降尘、西峰黄土等典型的风成沉积物相似,具有中国黄土的典型双峰特征,粒度分布明显粗于北京降尘和西峰黄土,而与邻近的青州黄土相似或较其稍粗,体现近物源的特性;末次冰期时裸露的渤海陆架是研究区黄土的主要物源区,中国东部季风和流域以南的山脉为黄土的形成提供搬运动力和地形条件;流域最北端发育古河道沉积,黄土与古河道间存在一个过渡带,沉积特征的差异和流域内南高北低的地势致使南部潜水面深度远大于北部,最终导致油气地震勘探中北部的地震激发效果明显优于南部。     

Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River''''s running through Sanmen Gorges

How did the Yellow River develop and evolve? Whendid it form? The geoscientists have concerned these im-portant questions for a long time. They have done a lot ofresearches on these issues and gotten a lot of valuableresults, while there are still many controversies. In general,it mainly includes several points as follows. According tothe transition of the fluviolacustrine strata, biological fos-sils and geologic structure in Lanzhou and Yinchuan, Linmade a conclusion that the Yellow River…     

Seven million-year iron geochemistry record from a thick eolian red clay-loess sequence in Chinese Loess Plateau and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution

Recently, the Tertiary red clay sequence underlying Pleistocene loess has attracted much attention. The remarkable progress is the recognition that the Tertiary red clay sequence is also wind-blown in origin, thus providing a good opportunity to reconstruct long-term monsoon changes. In contrast to the loess deposits, the magnetic susceptibility and the pedogenic characteristics are almost independent of each other in the red clay, thus challenging the validity of the readily measurable magnetic susceptibility in describing the monsoon history recorded by the red clay. With the objective to address the long-term East Asia summer monsoon evolution, the free to total Fe₂O₃ ratios were calculated in a continuous eolian red clay-loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau, which has a thickness of 305 m and a basal age of 7.0 Ma. The seven million-year Fe₂O₃ ratio record from the red clay-loess sequence indicates that (ⅰ) variations of the free to total Fe₂O₃ ratios of the loess can correlate generally with the alternations of the loess and paleosol horizons; (ⅱ) the East Asia summer monsoon was stronger as a whole in Neogene than that in Quaternary; (ⅲ) the strongest East Asia summer monsoon may occur between 4.0 and 4.8 Ma. The relatively small ice volume and high global temperature may be responsible for the strong summer monsoon during the early Pliocene.     

Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River＇s running through Sanmen Gorges

In the east of Xiaolangdi, many river terraces are developed at the exit of the Yellow River Gorges. Among them the terraces in Kouma, Yanshi of Henan Province are most typical, where the Yellow River developed three staircase terraces, among which the altitude of gravel stratum of the topmost terrace is 30-35 m higher than the river level.The top of the gravel stratum was covered by 60 m eolian loess deposits which have many brownish-red paleosol strips.And the paleosol $14 is at its bottom. Research on systematic magnetostratigraphy and paleosol-loess matching indicates that the bottom age of the loess on the topmost terrace is 1165 ka. Therefore, it can be concluded that the terrace develops no later than 1.165 Ma and the situation that the Yellow River runs through Sanmen Gorges and inpours into East China Sea happened at least before 1.165 Ma.     

Climate instability in the Yili region, Xinjiang during the last glaciation

The climate is influenced by westerlies year in year out and the aeolian loess is widespread in the Yili region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Through the study of the loess section with a thickness of 21.5 m, much useful information about climatic change in this region during the last glaciation was gotten. Grain size analysis of loess samples in the section showed that the climatic change in the Yili region was of instability during the last glaciation and similar to those of the North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. In correspondence with the Heinrich events, the percentage of the size fraction of loess with grain size less than 10 μm decreased in cold stadials in the Yili region. This result suggests that the westerly wind be strengthened during the cold periods. Compared with the stadials, the content of the loess with grain size less than 10 μm was increased in interstadials, which indicated that the strength of the westerly wind was weakened. It is obvious that the climate was instable not only in the North Atlantic Ocean and polar regions, but also in other areas of Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation.     

Discovery of Ordos Cretaceous dune rock and its significance

It has been found that there existed quite a large quantity of dune rocks in the red sandstone of the Zhidan Group of Ordos Cretaceous strata. Their sedimentary structure, grain size and micro-shape of sand grains show an obvious aeolian features. Both the temporal and spatial distribution and sedimentary characteristics of these dune rocks suggest that probably a large sand sea once existed in the Ordos region. It belonged to a subtropical inland trade-wind desert with persistent hot climate and was also an important part of the Cretaceous red desert in China.     

Magnetic characteristics and their paleoclimatic significance of Fengzhou loess in the Qinling Mountains of China

The Fengzhou loess section is very typical in the Qinling Mountains. The section, about 82 m thick and underlain by the Neogene red clay, consists of 33 layers of loess and 33 layers of paleosol. The section covers Brunnes normal polarity zone and Matuyama reversed polarity zone, and the B/M boundary is located in the middle of L₈. Matuyama reversed polarity zone records Jaramillo, Olduvai and Reunion normal polarity subchrons. The boundary between Matuyama reversed polarity zone and Gauss normal polarity zone (M/Ga) appears in the lithological boundary between loess and the Neogene red clay. Loess accumulation in Fengzhou started before 2.48 Ma. The magnetic susceptibility curve indicates 33 cold-dry and humid-warm cycles of paleoclimatic variation in the Qinling Mountains during the last 2.48 Ma. The above climatic fluctuation may be well compared with that of the oxygen isotopic records from deep-sea deposits.     

黄河中游晚第三纪与第四纪古气候关系初探

通过对黄河中游红粘土所记录的古气候特征的研究,表明诸如古季风等第四纪古气候的许多重要特征在新第三纪晚期已见雏形,形成了上第三系红粘土和第四系黄土在粒度分布,对气候变化敏感的地球化学元素的波动形式及淋溶层一淀积层的多次叠置等方面的相似性。这些特征是古气候发展中共性的表现。从新第三纪末期,动物群组成开始明显变化,向着分异度降低和优势现象明显的方向发展,是古环境趋于极性的表现。