广西乐业天坑群中苔藓的放射性核素分析

为探究广西喀斯特地貌对放射性核素分布及当地环境放射性的影响,利用高纯锗探测器对广西喀斯特地区的大曹天坑和邓家坨天坑采集来的苔藓样品中⁷Be、⁴⁰K、²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs的放射性比活度进行测量与分析。结果表明：在苔藓植物中, ⁷Be的放射性比活度为202.3-698.8 Bq/kg [平均值：(430.7±169.7) Bq/kg,n=7];⁴⁰K为33.7-159.9 Bq/kg [平均值：(91.6±44.1) Bq/kg, n=7];²³⁸U为检测限(3.0 Bq/kg)至54.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±23.6) Bq/kg,n=7];²³²Th为1.2-42.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(14.7±15.9) Bq/kg, n=7];²²⁶Ra为0.7-48.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±20.3) Bq/kg,n=7];²¹⁰Pb为284.1-950.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(555.5±231.0) Bq/kg, n=7]; ¹³⁷Cs为检测限(0.1 Bq/kg)至2.3 Bq/kg [平均值：(1.1±0.9) Bq/kg,n=7]。对比后发现所有测得的数据均在正常范围内,表明天坑这一喀斯特地貌对放射性核素的分布并没有显著影响,该地区也不存在其他污染来源,同时为我国南方喀斯特地区大气示踪提供数据支撑。     

Chernobyl radionuclides in a Black Sea sediment trap

The Chernobyl nuclear power station accident released large quantities of vaporized radionuclides, and, to a lesser extent, mechanically released small (less than 1-10 micron) aerosol particles. The total release of radioactivity is estimated to be out of the order of 1-2 x 10(18) Bq (3-5 x 10(7) Ci) not allowing for releases of the xenon and krypton gases. The 137Cs releases of 3.8 x 10(16) Bq from Chernobyl can be compared to 1.3 x 10(18) Bq 137Cs released due to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Chernobyl-derived radionuclides can be used as transient tracers to study physical and biogeochemical processes. Initial measurements of fallout Chernobyl radionuclides from a time-series sediment trap at 1,071 m during June-September 1986 in the southern Black Sea are presented. The specific activities of 137Cs, 144Ce and 106Ru in the trap samples (0.5-2, 4-12 and 6-13 Bq g-1) are independent of the particle flux while their relative activities reflect their rates of scavenging in the order Ce greater than Ru greater than Cs.     

Monitoring of atmospheric radionuclides from the Fukushima nuclear accident and assessing their impact on Xi’an, China

Aerosol radionuclides (131I, 134Cs, 137Cs) and gaseous radioactive xenon (133Xe) were monitored at Xi’an, China following the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in March 2011. The additional annual effective dose attributable to the Fukushima emissions was much lower than the public annual effective dose from natural radiation, according to Chinese national standards. The monitoring results were compared with data from other countries as well as with the radionuclide concentrations observed in Xi’an after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. Possible transport pathways of the released radionuclides from Fukushima to Xi’an were investigated. The occurrence of an anticyclone in the Pacific Ocean region and the extended period over which the radionuclides were released made the determination transport pathways complex, but divergence in the plume and easterly flow evidently brought the initial suite of radionuclides to Xi’an.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m⁻² were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha¹ · a⁻¹ respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha⁻¹ · a⁻¹ for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

严重事故安全壳废液中核素活度计算

福岛事故后,放射性废液的处理受到了高度关注。严重事故后安全壳废液中的核素活度分析是废液处理的前提。根据严重事故后安全壳废液中放射性核素的来源及消减机理,建立了AP1000严重事故安全壳废液中核素活度计算模型,研究安全壳废液中放射性核素活度的变化。结果表明：在堆芯核素向安全壳释放阶段,废液中各组核素活度逐渐增大,随后除镧组核素外,其他各组核素活度随时间逐渐减小,碘总活度降低最快,铯组总活度降低最慢;在事故初期,碘是废液中的主要核素,其次是铯;铯组核素占总活度的份额先减小后增大,而其他组核素占总活度的份额先增大后减小。¹³⁴Cs、¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁹Sr、⁹⁰Sr、¹²⁷Te^m、¹⁰³Ru、¹⁰⁶Ru、¹⁴⁴Ce、²⁴¹Pu、⁹⁰Y、⁹¹Y、⁹⁵Nb、⁹⁵Zr衰减很慢,是放射性废液的重要组成成分。#$NL关键词 严重事故;安全壳;废液;核素;放射性活度#$NL中图分类号 TL732; 文献标志码 A     

浮动核电站放射性核素在海洋中迁移机理研究

为了研究放射性核素泄露到海洋中的迁移规律,针对浮动核电站在海上发生严重事故这一情况,提出了基于瞬时点源约瑟夫模型的改进核素迁移模型,考虑海洋中放射性核素衰变和浮动核电站移动这两个因素。并以核素~(137)Cs为例,研究核素~(137)Cs在发生核事故后在海洋中的迁移扩散机理。研究结果表明浮动核电站发生核事故后,放射性核素浓度的空间分布呈现椭圆形,且沿着船舶运动轨迹方向的放射性核素浓度比其垂直方向上的浓度高,并向四周递减扩散。改进的核素迁移模型可为海洋应急监测工作提供参考,实现对浮动核电站核事故发生后应急监测的研究。     

Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect （from Tariat to Sainshand）, the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect （Inner Mongolia）, the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中137Cs含量分析

【目的】了解广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中~(137)Cs的含量,为定量研究北部湾沿岸区域土壤侵蚀和堆积状况,以及评价防城港红沙核电站运行对周围环境的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在广西北部湾河口及海湾中采集32个沉积物样品,利用高纯锗γ谱仪测定样品中~(137)Cs的含量,并与周边的背景值进行比较。【结果】在河口、海湾的表层样中,~(137)Cs比活度较低,范围为0.10~5.94Bq/kg,平均值约为1.23Bq/kg。【结论】表层沉积物中,~(137)Cs含量相对陆地含量要低,主要原因可能是沉积物样品中含沙量大,~(137)Cs吸附量相对较少导致。同时,自然因素和人为活动对~(137)Cs在河口及海湾沉积物中的再分配起重要作用。     

Spatial concentration, congener profiles and inhalation risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the atmosphere of Tianjin, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in a seasonal passive sampling scheme during June 2008 and January 2009 to investigate the spatial concentration, congener profiles and evaluate the potential inhalation risk in different functional areas in Tianjin, China. The spatial air concentrations and I-TEQs ranged 1.08×10²–8.19×10³ fg m^?3 (average 2.63×10³ fg m^?3) and 4.08–325 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 91.4 fg I-TEQ m^?3) respectively for PCDD/Fs. The concentration and I-TEQs of PCBs were 3.08×10⁴–3.01×10⁵ fg m^?3 (average 1.39×10⁵ fg m^?3) and 1.72–49.6 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 18.5 fg I-TEQ m^?3). It is obvious that PCB concentrations were several hundred times higher than the PCDD/Fs. However, the ambient air PCDD/Fs contributed a major part to the total toxicity equivalents, varying from 72.7% to 89.0% (average 81.8%). The atmospheric PCDD/F levels were observed to be higher in winter for most of sampling sites in the downtown. Besides, inhalation risk assessment showed that local residents might suffer more risk near the point sources than those in living area, industrial zones and background area in Tianjin City. However, the total daily dioxin intake was approximately several to hundreds of times lower than the WHO criteria, showing relatively low exposure risks from the impact of industry point sources in Tianjin City.     

Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from 210Po/210Pb disequilibria

Disequilibria between ^210Po and ^210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean （station IV3） and the South China Sea （NS44）. ^210po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to ^210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between ^210Po and particulate organic carbon （POC） indicated deficits and excess of ^210Po resulted from particulate organic matter （POM） export and remJneralization respectively, which was also supported by the decreased δ^13C and increased δ^15N downwards as a result of particle remineralization. On the basis of ^210Po/^210Pb box-model, POC export flux out of the surface waters were 1.2 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 and 2.3 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3, respectively. In the subsurface waters, remineralization fluxes of ^210Po were 0.062 Bq. m^-2.d^-1 and 0.566 Bq.m^-2.d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3 along with the recycle efficiency of 52±26% and 119±52%, respectively. Remineralized fluxes of POM derived from ^210Po and exported POC were 0.6 mmol C.m^-2.d^-1 and 2.7 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for NS44 and IV3. This study suggested that ^210Po was a powerful tracer of particle export and remineralization.     

基于耦合气候系统模式的中全新世黄、东海海表通量分析

对中全新世(6,ka时期)海洋和气候的研究可加深人们对现阶段气候变化和海洋环境的认识,为预测未来海洋与气候环境变化提供一个重要参照.文章分析一个耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-s2.0的模式结果,首先对其工业革命前(0,ka时期)东亚地区夏季降水及冬、夏季10,m风场的模拟结果进行评估,然后进一步对中全新世和工业革命前黄、东海海表大气强迫的季节变化进行了对比.结果显示:模式模拟出0,ka时期东亚夏季降水从东南洋面至西北内陆减少的空间分布特点,冬、夏季10,m风场亦与观测大体一致;6,ka时期夏季,黄、东海风速较0,ka时期增大约0.8,m/s,16%左右;黄海风应力旋度值为正,东海为负,与0,ka时期相比旋度绝对值均增大;同时,两海区接收的太阳短波辐射较0,ka时期均增加,短波辐射的差异是中全新世夏季黄、东海海表的净热吸收增加的主要因子.6,ka时期冬季,黄、东海北风加强,东海增加量在0.5~1.0,m/s,幅度约为10%,较黄海更为明显;两海区在冬季的净热释放也较0,ka时期增大,东海释放更甚;冬季黄、东海风应力旋度较0,ka时期则无太大差别.研究表明,由于6,ka时期太阳辐射季节循环的改变,造成了黄、东海夏季风增强,海表净热通量也发生相应变化,该时期大气强迫场的变化可能会使黄、东海表层水温分布趋势发生较大改变,进而影响陆架环流格局.     

Quantifying tidal contribution to submarine groundwater discharges: A review

Submarine groundwater discharges (SGD), consisting of groundwater flow from both terrestrial and marine origins, is an important source of nutrients, contaminants, and other chemicals to the coastal waters, and has significant impacts and implications on coastal environment and ecology. This paper reviews the recent advances in quantifying the tide-induced SGD in various beach aquifers around the world by means of mathematical modeling, laboratory experiments, and field observations or their combinations. Numerous studies have shown that (1) the order of magnitude of SGD around the world estimated by radium isotope tracers typically ranges from 102 to 103m3d-1m-1 of the shoreline, (2) SGD is mainly of marine origin, i.e. the re-circulated seawater across the aquifer-sea interface, and (3) tide is one of the major forces driving seawater-groundwater circulation. The order of magnitude of the tidal contributions to SGD from beach aquifers reported in the literature is only 10m3d-1m-1 length of shoreline, at least one order of magnitude smaller than the total SGD estimated by radium isotope tracers. This is obviously in contradiction with (3). The possible reasons for this contradiction may include (1) underestimation of the shoreline length due to neglecting many headlands, bays and banks of tidal rivers, and (2) negligence of the seawater-groundwater exchange from the seabed ranging from the nearshore areas to the continental shelf. Further research is needed to understand more about the contradiction.     

Characteristics of 137Cs deposition in steppe area

Soil wind erosion in the semiarid steppe area was studied using the ¹³⁷Cs tracing technique. Comparisons of ¹³⁷Cs deposition characteristics between different soil profiles indicated that slight aeolian activities occurred on sandy grasslands and semi-fixed dunes with erosion/deposition rates of less than 0.108 cm/a, whereas they were intense on semi-shifting dunes with erosion/deposition rates of higher than 1.35 cm/a.     

137Cs tracing of lacustrine sediments in the Dalian Lake, Qinghai Province, China

Based upon the analysis of Cs and grain-size parameters, the total amounts of ¹³⁷Cs deposition by wind and water in the Dalian Lake of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province are defined. The vertical profile of ¹³⁷Cs in the lacustrine sediments exhibits three ¹³⁷Cs activity maxima and one minimum. The major maximum corresponds to the global ¹³⁷Cs fallout in 1963; the two secondary maxima correspond to the leakage of the Chernobyl reactor in 1986 and complete desiccation of the lake in 1994, respectively. The minimum corresponds to aeolian deposition caused by extensive reclamation in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The 137Cs data set was used to evaluate average sedimentation rate of the Dalian Lake since 1963. The deposition was stable in 1963-1986 and 1994-1998, and it was rapid during 1986-1994. This preliminary study reveals that l37Cs has the same potential to trace environmental changes introduce by human interference in arid/semiarid regions as in humid regions.     

Observation of small-scale processes over shelf break in the East China Sea

The turbulent dissipation along with temperature and salinity was measured on board R/V Dong Fang Hong 2 over the shelf break of the East China Sea from March 7 to 9, 2004. Applying the Turner angle, it is found that the ＇diffusive＇ double diffusion, salt-fingering, and stable stratification coexist in the upper water column of about 50 m. Below that depth, there exists weak salt-fingering. The turbulent dissipation rates are enhanced along the ray paths of M2 internal tides emanating from the shelf break with values ranging from 1.0×10^-9 W·kg^-1 to 1.2×10^-6 W·kg^-1. The corresponding diapycnal mixing rates are from 1×10^-6 m^2· s^-1 to 1×10^-2 m^2· s^-1. The spatially averaged mixing rate over the whole observation section is 2.3×10^-3 m^2· s^-1, which is much larger than 1×10^-5 m^2·s^-1 of the background diapycnal mixing rate in the open ocean.     

The mean residence time of river water in the Canada Basin

Seawater was collected from the western Arctic Ocean for measurements of 18О, ^226Ra and ^228Ra. The fractions of river runoff and sea ice melt-water in water samples were estimated by using δ^18О-S-PО^＊ tracer system. The mean residence time of river water in the Canada Basin was calculated based on the relationship between ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. and the fractions of river runoff in the shelf and deep ocean. Our results showed that the river runoff fractions in the Canada Basin were significantly higher than those in the shelf regions, suggesting that the Canada Basin is a major storage region for Arctic river water. ^228Ra activity concentrations in the Chukchi shelf and the Beaufort shelf ranged from 0.16 to 1.22 Bq/m^3, lower than those reported for shelves in the low and middle latitudes, indicating the effect of sea ice melt-water. A good positive linear relationship was observed between ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. and the fraction of river runoff for shelf waters, while the ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. in the Canada Basin was located below this re-gressive line. The low ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. in the Canada Basin was ascribed to ^228Ra decay during shelf wa-ters transporting to the deep ocean. The residence time of 5.0-11.0 a was estimated for the river water in the Canada Basin, which determined the time response of surface freshening in the North Atlantic to the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean.     

瓷砖地板接缝与非接缝处氡析出差异的实验研究

为了探究缝隙的存在对建筑结构表面氡析出的影响,采用局部静态法,以机房、客厅、实验室贴瓷砖的地面为对象,测量了瓷砖与瓷砖接缝处的一字缝和十字缝以及非接缝处即瓷砖表面的氡析出率。结果表明:1)接缝处的集氡罩内平衡氡浓度远高于瓷砖表面;2)不同瓷砖表面的氡析出率不同,客厅、机房、实验室分别是0.327 mBq/(m²·s)、0.413 mBq/(m²·s)、0.072 mBq/(m²·s);3)一字缝、十字缝及瓷砖表面的氡析出率相差很大,在机房、客厅、实验室三处地面,一字缝表面氡析出率分别是瓷砖表面的3.19倍,2.43倍,2.25倍,十字缝表面的氡析出率分别是瓷砖表面的7.95倍、11.36倍、6.25倍。     

Preservation of black carbon in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea

Concentrations and carbon isotopic(14C,13C) compositions of black carbon(BC) were measured for three sediment cores collected from the Changjiang River estuary and the shelf of the East China Sea. BC concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 mg/g(dry weight) ,and accounted for 5% to 26% of the sedimentary total organic carbon(TOC) pool. Among the three sediment cores collected at each site,sediment from the Changjiang River estuary had relatively high BC contents compared with the sedi-ments from the East China Sea shelf,suggesting that the Changjiang River discharge played an im-portant role in the delivery of BC to the coastal region. Radiocarbon measurements indicate that the ages of BC are in the range of 6910 to 12250 years old B.P.(before present) ,that is in general,3700 to 9000 years older than the 14C ages of TOC in the sediments. These variable radiocarbon ages suggest that the BC preserved in the sediments was derived from the products of both biomass fire and fossil fuel combustion,as well as from ancient rock weathering. Based on an isotopic mass balance model,we calculated that fossil fuel combustion contributed most(60%―80%) of the BC preserved in these sediments and varied with depth and locations. The deposition and burial of this "slow-cycling" BC in the sediments of the East China Sea shelf represent a significant pool of carbon sink and could greatly influence carbon cycling in the region.     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

Effect of CH3OOH on the atmospheric concentration of OH radicals

Methyl hydroperoxide (CH₃OOH, MHP) is known to be a significant sink and reservoir of HO_x and RO_x radicals in the atmosphere. In order to investigate the impact of MHP on the concentration of atmospheric OH radicals, two key gas-phase reactions of MHP, i.e. the reactions with OH radicals and with UV photolysis, have been simulated at temperature of 293±2 K and total pressure of 1.01×10⁵ Pa, using the long path Fourier transform infrared (LP-FTIR) spectrometry. OH radicals are generated by the photolysis of O₃ in the presence of water vapor. Combined with the relative rate method, the reaction rate constant of MHP with OH radicals is determined to be (3.99±0.15)×10^-12 cm³?molecule^-1?s^-1, and thus the atmospheric lifetime of MHP is estimated at 2.9 days. Furthermore, from detailed analysis of the UV photolysis of MHP, the yield of OH radicals is obtained to be 0.91±0.04. Based on the MHP atmospheric lifetime and the yield of OH radicals, it is concluded that MHP plays an essential role in the redistribution of OH radicals in the troposphere.