Asymmetric additions to dienes catalysed by a dithiophosphoric acid

Chiral Br?nsted acids (proton donors) have been shown to facilitate a broad range of asymmetric chemical transformations under catalytic conditions without requiring additional toxic or expensive metals. Although the catalysts developed thus far are remarkably effective at activating polarized functional groups, it is not clear whether organic Br?nsted acids can be used to catalyse highly enantioselective transformations of unactivated carbon-carbon multiple bonds. This deficiency persists despite the fact that racemic acid-catalysed 'Markovnikov' additions to alkenes are well known chemical transformations. Here we show that chiral dithiophosphoric acids can catalyse the intramolecular hydroamination and hydroarylation of dienes and allenes to generate heterocyclic products in exceptional yield and enantiomeric excess. We present a mechanistic hypothesis that involves the addition of the acid catalyst to the diene, followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting dithiophosphate intermediate; we also report mass spectroscopic and deuterium labelling studies in support of the proposed mechanism. The catalysts and concepts revealed in this study should prove applicable to other asymmetric functionalizations of unsaturated systems.     

Molecular imprinting of bulk, microporous silica

Molecular imprinting aims to create solid materials containing chemical functionalities that are spatially organized by covalent or non-covalent interactions with imprint (or template) molecules during the synthesis process. Subsequent removal of the imprint molecules leaves behind designed sites for the recognition of small molecules, making the material ideally suited for applications such as separations, chemical sensing and catalysis. Until now, the molecular imprinting of bulk polymers and polymer and silica surfaces has been reported, but the extension of these methods to a wider range of materials remains problematic. For example, the formation of substrate-specific cavities within bulk silica, while conceptually straightforward, has been difficult to accomplish experimentally. Here we describe the imprinting of bulk amorphous silicas with single aromatic rings carrying up to three 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane side groups; this generates and occupies microporosity and attaches functional organic groups to the pore walls in a controlled fashion. The triethoxysilane part of the molecules' side groups is incorporated into the silica framework during sol-gel synthesis, and subsequent removal of the aromatic core creates a cavity with spatially organized aminopropyl groups covalently anchored to the pore walls. We find that the imprinted silicas act as shape-selective base catalysts. Our strategy can be extended to imprint other functional groups, which should give access to a wide range of functionalized materials.     

Enantiospecific electrodeposition of a chiral catalyst

Many biomolecules are chiral--they can exist in one of two enantiomeric forms that only differ in that their structures are mirror images of each other. Because only one enantiomer tends to be physiologically active while the other is inactive or even toxic, drug compounds are increasingly produced in an enantiomerically pure form using solution-phase homogeneous catalysts and enzymes. Chiral surfaces offer the possibility of developing heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts that can more readily be separated from the products and reused. In addition, such surfaces might serve as electrochemical sensors for chiral molecules. To date, chiral surfaces have been obtained by adsorbing chiral molecules or slicing single crystals so that they exhibit high-index faces, and some of these surfaces act as enantioselective heterogeneous catalysts. Here we show that chiral surfaces can also be produced through electrodeposition, a relatively simple solution-based process that resembles biomineralization in that organic molecules adsorbed on surfaces have profound effects on the morphology of the inorganic deposits. When electrodepositing a copper oxide film on an achiral gold surface in the presence of tartrate ion in the deposition solution, the chirality of the ion determines the chirality of the deposited film, which in turn determines the film's enantiospecificity during subsequent electrochemical oxidation reactions.     

Supramolecular self-assembled molecules as organic directing agent for synthesis of zeolites

Solid materials with uniform micropores, such as zeolites, can act as selective catalysts and adsorbents for molecular mixtures by separating those molecules small enough to enter their pores while leaving the larger molecules behind. Zeolite A is a microporous material with a high void volume. Despite its widespread industrial use in, for example, molecular separations and in detergency, its capability as a petroleum-refining material is limited owing to its poor acid-catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability, and its low hydrophobicity. These characteristics are ultimately a consequence of the low framework Si/Al ratio (normally around one) and the resulting high cationic fraction within the pores and cavities. Researchers have modified the properties of type-A zeolites by increasing the Si/Al compositions up to a ratio of three. Here we describe the synthesis of zeolite A structures exhibiting high Si/Al ratios up to infinity (pure silica). We synthesize these materials, named ITQ-29, using a supramolecular organic structure-directing agent obtained by the self-assembly, through pi-pi type interactions, of two identical organic cationic moieties. The highly hydrophobic pure-silica zeolite A can be used for hydrocarbon separations that avoid oligomerization reactions, whereas materials with high Si/Al ratios give excellent shape-selective cracking additives for increasing propylene yield in fluid catalytic cracking operations. We have also extended the use of our supramolecular structure-directing agents to the synthesis of a range of other zeolites.     

不同溶剂体系制备的Co-B催化剂应用于糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇

选用不同溶剂配制CoCl2溶液,由化学还原法制备了一系列Co-B非晶态合金催化剂,这些催化剂在糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇反应中均显示高选择性(接近100％),而乙醇介质中制得的Co-B催化剂,其催化活性显著高于其他溶剂所制备的催化剂、结合表征,初步探讨了不同溶剂对催化剂的结构、电子态以及催化性能的影响．     

热煤气中有机硫转化催化剂的选用

选用了两种催化剂进行催化转化热煤气中有机硫化合物的研究，实验表明，硫化态的Ｎｉ基催化剂是一种高活性的有机硫转化催化剂，其转化活性可达８０＾以上。当气相含硫太低时，催化剂在使用过程中会失硫，转化活性下降。然而在实际的热煤气含硫的情况下，它显示出相当高的催化转化反应活性，适于在热煤气净化的条件下使用。     

CO加氢异构合成反应研究进展

文章综述了由合成气分别制取C4异构烯（异丁烯）、醇（异丁醇）化工产品研究进展情况，着重于催化剂和催化作用机理的研究近况．通过对反应机理和催化作用的深入认识，阐明了CO加氢合成C4异构烯醇之间的内在联系．进一步指出，提高异丁烯、异丁醇等产品的选择性和活性是此工艺路线实验产业化的关键，从而需要研制和开发高性能的催化刑．     

Thermodynamic control of asymmetric amplification in amino acid catalysis

Ever since Pasteur noticed that tartrate crystals exist in two non-superimposable forms that are mirror images of one another--as are left and right hands--the phenomenon of chirality has intrigued scientists. On the molecular level, chirality often has a profound impact on recognition and interaction events and is thus important to biochemistry and pharmacology. In chemical synthesis, much effort has been directed towards developing asymmetric synthesis strategies that yield product molecules with a significant excess of either the left-handed or right-handed enantiomer. This is usually achieved by making use of chiral auxiliaries or catalysts that influence the course of a reaction, with the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product linearly related to the ee of the auxiliary or catalyst used. In recent years, however, an increasing number of asymmetric reactions have been documented where this relationship is nonlinear, an effect that can lead to asymmetric amplification. Theoretical models have long suggested that autocatalytic processes can result in kinetically controlled asymmetric amplification, a prediction that has now been verified experimentally and rationalized mechanistically for an autocatalytic alkylation reaction. Here we show an alternative mechanism that gives rise to asymmetric amplification based on the equilibrium solid-liquid phase behaviour of amino acids in solution. This amplification mechanism is robust and can operate in aqueous systems, making it an appealing proposition for explaining one of the most tantalizing examples of asymmetric amplification-the development of high enantiomeric excess in biomolecules from a presumably racemic prebiotic world.     

脂肪酶催化拆分2-氯-1-苯乙醇

手性2-氯-1-苯乙醇这一关键的药物中间体,已被酶法合成。经过筛选多种脂肪酶,一种新的商业化的来自Pseudomonas cepacia固定化脂肪酶PS IM,表现出最高的活力。同时首次发现小麦胚芽脂肪酶（WGL）具有与其他脂肪酶相反的立体选择性。并系统探讨了溶剂体系,温度以及水活度对PS IM催化拆分2-氯-1-苯乙醇的影响。最终发现在正己烷体系,35℃和水活度0.69时,获得最好的分离效果,能同时得到两个高纯度的对映体（eep 99%,ees 99%）。PS IM在经过5次重复反应之后的活力约保留了85%。     

CuO—ZnO／PF催化剂合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

介孔碳作为一类新型的非硅基介孔材料,在催化剂栽4#-应用方面具有广阔的前景．采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了CuO—zno／PF系列负载型催化刑,并应用于甲醇和二氧化碳直接合成碳酸二甲酯（DMc）．研究结果表明：以铜锌氧化物物质的量之比为2：1,650℃煅烧的催化剂在温度为320．5℃左右,压力为3．oMPa时催化性能最好,甲醇的转化率达87．78％,碳酸二甲酯的选择性达80．46％．     

Tunable gold catalysts for selective hydrocarbon oxidation under mild conditions

Oxidation is an important method for the synthesis of chemical intermediates in the manufacture of high-tonnage commodities, high-value fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals: but oxidations are often inefficient. The introduction of catalytic systems using oxygen from air is preferred for 'green' processing. Gold catalysis is now showing potential in selective redox processes, particularly for alcohol oxidation and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. However, a major challenge that persists is the synthesis of an epoxide by the direct electrophilic addition of oxygen to an alkene. Although ethene is epoxidized efficiently using molecular oxygen with silver catalysts in a large-scale industrial process, this is unique because higher alkenes can only be effectively epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides or stoichiometric oxygen donors. Here we show that nanocrystalline gold catalysts can provide tunable active catalysts for the oxidation of alkenes using air, with exceptionally high selectivity to partial oxidation products ( approximately 98%) and significant conversions. Our finding significantly extends the discovery by Haruta that nanocrystalline gold can epoxidize alkenes when hydrogen is used to activate the molecular oxygen; in our case, no sacrificial reductant is needed. We anticipate that our finding will initiate attempts to understand more fully the mechanism of oxygen activation at gold surfaces, which might lead to commercial exploitation of the high redox activity of gold nanocrystals.     

壳聚糖基催化剂的制备及其在手性合成中的应用

手性合成是有机合成研究中的重要方面,以手性催化剂催化完成的有机化学反应在手性化合物的制备中具有重要地位。壳聚糖作为含有手性结构的高分子化合物,可用于手性催化剂的制备。主要介绍了基于壳聚糖为载体材料的典型固载型手性金属催化剂的制备方法,及其在手性化合物合成中的应用。     

The remarkable metal-catalysed olefin metathesis reaction

Catalytic olefin metathesis--through which pairs of C = C bonds are reorganized--transforms simple molecules to those that are complex and precious. This class of reactions has noticeably enriched chemical synthesis, which is the art of preparing scarce molecules with highly desirable properties (for example, medicinal agents or polymeric materials). Research in the past two decades has yielded structurally well-defined catalysts for olefin metathesis that are used to synthesize an array of molecules with unprecedented efficiency. Nonetheless, the full potential of olefin metathesis will be realized only when additional catalysts are discovered that are truly practical and afford exceptional selectivity for a significantly broader range of reactions.     

Co-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂用于肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇的研究

采用化学还原法制备了Co-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂，测定了其在液相肉桂醛（CMA）选择性加氢反应中的催化活性以及不同反应时间内CMA的转化率和对肉桂醇（CMO）选择性。研究表明：（1）Co-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂中，最佳Co负载量为ω＝3.7%，反应3h后，CMO的得率可达到78．7％，此时，CMA的转化率为93．3％，对CMO的选择性达83．3％；（2）Co-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂的热处理晶化导致其催化活性和选择性显著下降；（3）Co-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂的催化性能明显优于其他Co-基催化剂，包括晶态Co-B/SiO2、Co/SiO2和Raney Co催化剂。通过动力学研究以及催化剂的系列表征，如ICP、XRD、DSC、SEM、XPS等，初步讨论了Co-B/SiO2催化剂优良催化性能与其非晶态结构及表面电子态之间的关系。     

Enantiomeric Binaphtyl-brided SALEN Zirconium Complexes as Catalysts for Stereoselective Polymerization of Chiral Olefins

1 Results Chiral Schiff-base complexes have been used as catalysts for several stereoselective organic transformations,but they have never been tested for the polymerization of chiral olefins.The preferential polymerization of a single monomeric enantiomer (stereoselective polymerization) pursues two intriguing goals: i) the development of polymeric materials with peculiar optical or physical properties and ii) the kinetic resolution of racemic alkenes.     

SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇制烯烃性能

采用气相转移法(Q)、原位合成法(Y)和涂覆法(Z),制备出了3个系列的不同SAPO-34含量的SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂。采用XRD和N₂吸脱附等分析测试技术表征了催化剂的结构,在固定床反应器上评价了整体式催化剂的甲醇制烯烃反应性能。结果表明：3个系列的SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂堇青石表面SAPO-34分子筛的基本骨架没有发生大的改变,气相转移法制备的催化剂具有相对较大的比表面积,原位合成法制备的催化剂具有相对稍大的孔径。在催化剂的SAPO-34含量相近的情况下,气相转移法制备的催化剂具有最好的催化性能;以(Q)19.7%SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂为例,在反应温度380~420℃、空速520~810mL/(g·h)的条件下有利于低碳烯烃的生成。在400℃和670mL/(g·h)的反应条件下,低碳烯烃的选择性最高,乙烯和丙烯的选择性分别可达到40.91%和32.80%,乙烯和丙烯的总选择性能达到73.71%。     

凹土基硫酸氢钠催化剂制备及对环乙醇脱水性能的研究

硫酸氢钠是一种重要的无机盐化工原料及无机盐固体酸催化剂,但在实际使用中存在诸多缺陷.以廉价凹凸棒黏土(凹土)为载体开发高附加值的固体酸催化剂,研究了提高凹土比表面积与成型的方法;分别运用浸渍法和热分散法制备了复合固体酸催化剂,并考察了这两类催化剂对环己醇脱水反应的催化性能.结果表明,凹土比表面积可达233.7 m2/g,环己醇脱水时间由54 min缩短到30 min.     

有机溶胶法制备Pt/C催化剂的影响因素研究

有机溶胶法制备高分散的Pt/C催化剂是目前制备活性组分高度分散的燃料电池催化剂的一种新方法,本文考察了在有机溶胶法制备催化剂的过程中,碳载体的预处理以及制备条件对催化剂性能的影响,实验结果表明：在适当的温度下对碳载体进行热处理可以显著改善活性组分的分散和提高催化剂的性能;在惰性气氛中还原制得的催化剂的性能明显优于在空气气氛中还原制得的催化剂,较低温度有利于获得活性组分颗粒度较小的催化剂,起始PH值大于10时制得的催化剂的活性明显高于PH小于10时制得的催化剂。采用优化条件制备的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电化学性能和抗中毒性能显著优于E-TEK Pt/C催化剂。     

Carboxyl-modified hierarchical wrinkled mesoporous silica supported TiO2 nanocomposite particles with excellent photocatalytic performances

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a common photocatalyst for organic pollutants degradation. However, in practical application, the poor adsorption capacity of pure TiO₂ seriously impeded its efficiency in the degradation of organic molecules. In this work, a series of hierarchical wrinkle mesoporous silica supported TiO₂ nano-composite particles (TiO₂ @WMS-COOH) were successfully prepared. Thanks to their high surface areas, large pore volumes and mesoporous structures, these materials showed high adsorption capacity and excellent photocatalytic performance towards dye molecules, which is comparable to or even better than commercial catalyst P25. Moreover, their photocatalytic efficiency can be further enhanced by increasing the calcination temperature during preparation process. Therefore it can be concluded that the TiO₂ @WMS-COOH particles may find promising applications in the photodegradation of organic pollutants.