含氯有机废料资源化处理基础研究I. PVC固定床热解脱氯反应特性

在10g固定床反应器中对PVC在惰性气氛下的热解脱氯特性及有关工艺参数进行考察，并研究了热解终温（FPT）对PVC热解产物产率的影响。实验结果表明，在温度为300℃，反应时间为3h，升温速率为5℃/min条件下，PVC中大部分的氯可脱除，脱氯率可达90%，另有约10%的氯残留在液体产物及固态残渣中，且升温速率越慢，分解程度越大，反应的起始分解温度也越低。随着热解终温的提高，可燃气体率增大，焦油和残渣产率则减少。     

PVC的热失重和热解动力学

热重法对PVC树脂的热解研究表明，热解过程可分为3个阶段，250～350℃为第一失重阶段、350～400℃为稳定阶段、400～550℃为第二失重阶段；升温速率对热解有较显著的影响，随升温速率的增加，Tb、Tf和Tm随之提高，但各阶段的失重率并不改变；气氛对热解有重要的影响，在含氧气氛中总失重约为100%，而氢气中的总失重最低。热解动力学研究表明，PVC的热解为一级反应过程，3个阶段的热解活化能受气氛影响稍有差异，分别为170～200kJ／mol、10～20kJ／mol和50～80kJ／mol，各阶段活化能的较大幅度变化说明各阶段热解反应机理是不同的。     

高温煤气中氯化氢和碱金属蒸气的脱除

对高温煤气中的氯化氢和碱金属蒸气进行了单独和同时脱除的研究,单独脱除的研究得出,脱氯剂的氯容量随反应温度的增在而提高,试验所选的5种吸附剂对碱金属都具有脱除性能,其中以高铝土和活性Al2O3吸附剂的吸附效率最高,在840度条件下活性Al2O3吸附剂对碱金属化合物的脱除主要以物理吸附的方式进行,在HCl气体和碱金属蒸气同时存在条件下,高铝土脱除碱金属的效率高达79．5％。TCl1脱氯剂脱除HCl气体的效率为100％。     

PVC基活性炭的制备及其吸附性能的研究Ⅰ——PVC沥青的制备及其预氧化

以PVC树脂为原料,采用两个恒温段的程序升温方法加热脱氯制备PVC沥青,并通过空气预氧化法,对所制备的PVC沥青进行了预氧化处理.实验结果表明,PVC树脂在流速为100 mL/min氮气气氛中,以10℃/min速率程序升温至270℃,恒温脱氯150 min后再程序升温至410℃并恒温芳化120 min,可以制备出脱氯率和得率均较高的PVC沥青.该PVC沥青在300℃温度下,采用空气预氧化法预氧化120min,可获得增重率约为11%,氧化交联度较高、耐热性能较好的预氧化PVC沥青.FT-IR光谱分析结果表明,PVC沥青在预氧化的过程中,主要发生了氧化脱氢、脱水、CO2缩聚交联反应,使沥青形成耐热型的氧桥结构,从而达到预氧化目的.     

不同加热气氛下模化城市生活垃圾氯释放特性的研究

在对国内外城市生活垃圾组成及变化规律研究的基础上，配制了能代表我国城市生活垃圾组成特性的模化城市生活垃圾(Model Municipal Solid Waste，MMSW)。采用TGA—FTIR联用技术模拟燃烧、热解工况，研究了不同升温速率、不同中途恒温时间等条件下MMSW的氯释放特性。研究结果表明：MMSW的氯起始释放温度和氯释放终止温度与MMSW热处理的气氛、升温速率均有关系，氯起始释放温度在350～420℃范围内变化；在燃烧、热解等条件下，MMSW中的氯基本以HCl气态形式释放，起始释放温度在燃烧条件下要比无氧条件(热解)下要低20～30℃；升温速率越快，氯起始释放温度越高，氯完全释放的时间间隔越短。研究还表明，在380～420℃恒温时间越长，越有利于MMSW中氯的完全释放。     

煤与PVC共热解过程中氯的释放机理和表观动力学探索

研究了煤与PVC共热解过程中氯的释放机理，实验蛄果表明，氯的释放率与热解温度、加热速率、恒温时间、PVC的加入量有关．在PVC加入量不大于3％时，如果热解工艺条件达到要求，焦碳中氯的残留量可以接近配煤焦的氯含量．根据实验数据对煤与PVC共热解过程中氯的释放表观动力学进行了分析，发现用一级反应方程处理结果与实验数据非常接近，并通过作图计算出了表观活化能．     

水氯镁石的丁醇络合蒸馏脱水工艺

采用X射线衍射及元素分析方法研究了水氯镁石的丁醇络合蒸馏脱水工艺。研究结果表明：在连续蒸馏法脱水过程中，水氯镁石的脱水率随着丁醇用量的增加而提高，水氯镁石最初4个结晶水分子较容易脱除，后2个结晶水特别是最后1个结晶水难以脱除。采用超声波预处理水氯镁石丁醇溶液有利于水氯镁石的深度脱水及丁醇利用率的提高；随着超声波预处理时间的延长，水氯镁石的脱水率提高；当超声波预处理水氯镁石丁醇溶液时间为15min及丁醇的添加总量为原始添加量的10倍时，水氯镁石的脱水串达到90．25％；而无超声波预处理时脱水率仅为84．86％。采用单纯的丁醇络合脱水方法难以完全脱除水氯镁石中的结晶水。     

钯—铁催化还原法对水中三氯乙烯的快速脱氯研究

采用零价铁还原、钯催化法对水中三氯乙烯进行了还原脱氯静态试验研究，考察了钯化率、铁／钯用量、反应物浓度及反应时间对脱氯率的影响，并对脱氯机理进行了一定的探讨。结果表明，铁还原、钯催化法对三氯乙烯还原脱氯迅速有效。有所选择的优化条件下，１０ｍｉｎ内脱氯率近１００％。     

医疗废物中输液管(含PVC)与纱布(含纤维素)的混合热解特性

为研究聚氯乙烯（polyvinyl chloride，PVC）类与生物质类医疗废物的混合热解特性，利用差热热重分析仪，在氮气气氛下，对输液管（tube for transfusion，TFT；含PVC）和纱布（含纤维素）样品在不同质量配比下进行了混合热解实验，深入研究二者混合热解的行为与规律．结果表明：输液管的存在会显著加速纱布的热解，失重峰温降低40℃以上；纱布对输液管的热解存在轻微促进作用，使HCl脱除反应的失重峰温降低约5℃；混合前后，输液管的第二阶段热解反应没有发生太大变化；混合后残炭总量大于两种纯物质单独热解时的残炭质量；二者混合热解的反应机理在于输液管中PVC脱出的HCl通过酸催化作用加速了纱布中纤维素的脱水和醛类物质的生成；反之，纤维素中羟基的存在又加速了PVC脱HCl的反应．     

高硫强粘结性煤与生物质共热解脱硫脱氮的研究

用回转炉作为高硫强粘结性煤与生物质共热解的反应器,分析了热妥过程中煤与生物质的相互作用机理,研究了热解温度、生物质汪厍量和煤粒度对无机硫脱除率、有机硫脱除率和氮脱除率的影响,结果表明,随着热解温度升高、煤化度降低、生物质添加量增大、煤粒度减小,脱硫脱氮率提高。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。