缝洞型油藏离散介质网络数值试井模型

针对多重介质试井模型不符合缝洞型油藏网络状分布、非均质性极强的地质特征,建立了新的试井模型,将大尺度溶洞（流体主要的储集空间）视作零维模型,裂缝、孔洞发育的条带状地层（沟通溶洞的渗流通道）作为控制流体流动的一维模型,从而构成离散介质网络（DMN）模型。用有限差分法建立了缝洞型油藏离散介质网络油水两相数值试井模型,对渗流通道的储渗性能、大尺度溶洞的容积和距测试井的距离等因素对测试井压力响应特征的影响进行了研究。结果表明：缝洞型油藏试井压力导数曲线上类似“凹子”的特征是由大尺度溶洞向渗流网络的窜流造成的。实例分析表明,新模型解释结果与缝洞型油藏地质特征一致。     

串珠状缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层压力变化特征研究

目前的缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层模型建立主要以多重介质、渗流、管流或渗-管流结合等理论为基础,但是当储层内具有大尺度溶洞时,多重介质、渗流理论不能准确表征宏观缝洞储集体。当储层内具有大开度裂缝时,其内部流体流动特征与平板流特征更为接近。因此,需要建立以裂缝平板流与宏观非均质性理论为基础的储层模型。根据气体物质守恒方程与流体力学方程,推导了更接近于真实大型裂缝中气体流动特征的平板流动模型,建立了串珠状缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏储层的宏观非均质数学模型,并通过数值方法求解出该模型定产量生产时井底压力与各溶洞压力数据。绘制出了溶洞压力导数半对数曲线和井底压力双对数曲线。压力导数双对数曲线可以分为4段：井筒储集反应段、裂缝反应阶段、溶洞反应阶段和边界反应阶段。随后,分别研究了各类缝洞参数对压力导数双对数曲线形态特征的影响。研究表明,不同的缝洞参数会影响压力导数双对数曲线上相应阶段的形态特征。     

大尺度溶洞型油藏压力响应特征

由于多重连续介质模型无法有效模拟大尺度溶洞与地层流动过程,需要建立新的缝洞型油藏试井解释模型研究非均质缝洞型油藏流体流动规律。将溶洞简化为一个等势体,内部压力处处相等,溶洞外流体流动满足达西定律,利用溶洞质量守恒建立了含大尺度溶洞缝洞型油藏数学模型,基于直接边界元方法对数学模型进行了求解。绘制了溶洞压力导数曲线及井底压力双对数曲线和井底压力导数曲线,研究发现,溶洞在井底压力导数曲线双对数图上反映的是一个先上凸后下凹的特征,溶洞半径越大,井底压力曲线上凸下凹幅度越大;溶洞离井距离越大,井底压力导数曲线上凸出现的时间越早。相同溶洞半径情况下,离井距离越小溶洞压力导数峰值越大;相同溶洞离井距离情况下,溶洞半径越大,压力导数峰值越小。     

塔河碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏水动力学模拟新方法

塔河碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏,其储集空间以溶洞为主,裂缝作为主要的沟通通道,具有网络状油藏的特征。基于管流理论,建立了一种新的水动力学等效模型,通过分析缝洞之间相互关系及油水在缝洞系统中的分布对流动规律的影响,研究流体在裂缝、溶洞介质中的流动特征,揭示储集体内流体的流动规律。根据地质研究成果,构造典型生产井的水动力学等效模型,利用本模拟方法对网络状油藏开采机理进行了分析,验证了本模拟方法的有效性和合理性。     

考虑应力敏感的缝洞型油藏三重介质试井分析理论模型

碳酸盐岩储藏资源潜力巨大,是当前研究的热点和难点领域.为了准确评价缝洞型油藏产能特征,以三重介质流体渗流方程为基础,考虑应力敏感对储层渗透率的伤害,建立基质-孔隙-裂缝的三重介质试井分析模型.研究结果表明:无量纲压力及压力导数曲线随应力敏感性增强而整体向上抬升,随着时间的增加,上升幅度逐渐增大;将无量纲压力导数曲线的水平段取值作为特征值,当其值大于0.5时应考虑应力敏感的影响,反之亦反;"双下凹"形态可作为判断三重介质缝洞型油藏的曲线特征.对于强应力敏感性储层,应力敏感的影响不可忽视,渗透率应力敏感的准确表征有利于提高产能预测精度.     

缝洞型油藏基于重力分异假定的数值模拟

大型溶洞是缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏主要的储集空间.现有的连续介质油藏数值计算模型难以准确描述大型溶洞油水两相的流动特征.针对缝洞型油藏,本文建立了一个能够考虑大型溶洞油水两相重力分异的数值计算方法.这一方法基于黑油模型,其控制方程采用网格中心格式的有限体积法进行离散.通过定义大型溶洞单元的流相流动分数,来考虑溶洞内油水两相重力分异对流动的影响,并计算溶洞单元同裂缝单元或者基质单元间的质量流动项.采用本文建议的方法对塔河油田实际缝洞油藏进行了数值模拟,并同传统连续介质模拟方法进行了对比.计算结果表明,本文方法很好地拟合了单井和缝洞油藏的含水率和产油量,能够适用于实际缝洞型油藏的数值模拟.     

油水两相流Darcy-Stokes模型

塔河油田缝洞型油藏的溶洞可分为微小溶洞溶孔和大溶洞,部分大溶洞未被充填,未充填的大溶洞内部不存在多孔介质,流体流动属于自由流动,流动规律符合Navier-Stokes方程,油藏存在自由流动区和渗流区,流动规律符合Darcy-Stokes耦合模型。针对塔河油田的流体特征,将现有的用来描述单相不可压缩流体流动的Darcy-Stokes模型扩展到油水两相的微可压缩流体,并根据未充填溶洞内压力差异小这一特征,对油水动量守恒方程进行简化,所得到的动量守恒方程在形式上与不可压缩流体的相同,但流体密度和粘度仍然是关于压力的函数。模型中引入了Beavers-Joseph-Saffman边界条件,并将该条件扩展到两相流。将Darcy-Stokes模型应用于数值试井,结果表明,尽管采用双重介质渗流模型和Navier-Stokes模型都可以得到很好的拟合效果,但是后者的解释成果更接近三维地震解释所预测的地质模型。     

井打在溶洞外的缝洞型油藏数值试井模型

 缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏多发育大尺度的溶洞和裂缝, 非均质性极强。这类油藏不能使用常规的连续介质理论描述。根据缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的特征, 结合地震、地质等资料, 建立了井未钻遇溶洞的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏数值试井物理数学模型。利用有限元方法对模型进行求解并绘制了试井样版曲线, 对影响井底压力动态的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明: 当井打在洞外时, 由于洞内的渗透性远优于洞外地层, 压力导数曲线后期出现明显下掉, 溶洞的尺寸主要影响压力导数曲线的下掉幅度。模型解释结果与实测数据对比分析表明, 该试井模型具有较高的预测精度, 能够为碳酸盐岩油藏的试井分析提供理论指导。     

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏网络模型

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏储层中,溶洞是主要的储集空间,裂缝是流体流动的主要通道,二者内部流动阻力差异很大.针对缝洞型储层呈离散介质的特征,提出缝洞网络模型,并在此基础上建立油水两相流数学模型.采用随机建模和历史拟合相结合的方法对TK472CH单井缝洞单元的生产特征进行模拟.结果表明:产油量的拟合误差为5.58t·d-1,含水率的拟合误差为12.31%,均在误差许可范围内,验证了模型的合理性;与耦合型数学模型相比,该模型简化了缝洞型油藏的表征参数,计算成本低,可进行大规模的工程应用.     

基于物质平衡方程的断溶体油藏动态油水界面预测新模型

断溶体油藏裂-洞空间发育、结构复杂,开发过程中动态油水界面难以确定.在孤立溶洞和多供给溶洞两类典型缝洞组合模式的基础上,假设井筒与溶洞为垂向自由流,推导微可压缩流体在溶洞内流动的井底压力与溶洞平均压力基本解;视孤立溶洞为单一封闭储集体,多供给溶洞为通过裂缝连通的多套储集体,运用物质平衡方程建立一种新的断溶体油藏动态油水...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to