不同驱动电源下磁控溅射等离子体行为

磁控溅射驱动方式是影响其等离子体特征的重要因素之一,而等离子体行为最终影响所沉积薄膜结构和性能。磁控溅射过程中基体上产生的浮动电势与等离子体中电子能量分布有关,基体饱和电流则与等离子体的离子密度有关,可综合反映辉光放电系统等离子体状态。本实验分别采用射频、直流和脉冲直流电源溅射Mo粉末靶,改变靶基距,测量基体浮动电势及饱和电流,探讨溅射驱动方式对等离子体行为的影响。研究表明:靶功率增加,靶电压、电流均随靶功率增大,基体浮动电势基本保持不变,基体饱和电流增加,但电压增加率极小,而电流增加率较大。基体浮动电势绝对值随靶基距的增加而降低,即电子的能量分布随靶基距增加而降低。射频溅射产生的浮动电势明显小于直流和脉冲直流溅射的。直流溅射等离子体能量最高,射频溅射等离子体密度最大。     

不同围压下自激吸气式脉冲射流装置性能试验研究

针对深水水库泥沙处理技术问题和需求的迫切性,运用自行研制的试验装置对不同围压(模拟不同水深)下的自激吸气式脉冲射流装置性能进行了试验,研究分析了工作压力、围压、靶距对脉冲射流冲击力的影响,并对装置吸气量的变化及启动吸气压力进行了初步分析.结果表明,脉冲射流冲击力随工作压力的增加而增大,随围压和靶距的增加而减小;装置吸气量随工作压力的增加而增大,增大的速度随围压的不同而不同,并逐渐趋于稳定;启动吸气压力随围压增加而增大,且表现出一定规律性.研究结果为进一步深入研究自激吸气式脉冲射流及其在水库清淤等工程应用方面提供依据.     

静电聚结效果在线评价实验

研究在线测量连续流动聚结实验系统,实现油包水乳状液微观形貌的在线观察和采集,并利用该系统研究电场参数和流动参数等对油包水乳状液中水滴聚结特性的影响规律。结果表明:高强电场在低流量下具有显著作用,随着流量增加其作用减弱但在高流量下依然使液滴粒径明显增大;不同波形下,低频范围内最优频率为30 Hz,但是超过50 Hz后随频率增加液滴聚结效果提高;不同波形下,液滴粒径随电场强度增加而增加,但最优电场强度不同;直流脉冲和正弦交流波形的最优场强约为200 k V·m~(-1),而交流脉冲和方波的最优场强要高于该值;不同波形下聚结效果不同,相同电场频率和电场强度下直流脉冲电场中聚结效果最优,正弦交流、交流脉冲和方波电场中聚结效果稍差。     

煤在H2 /Ar等离子体热解过程中硫转化的研究

对兖州和义马两种高硫煤在H2/Ar等离子体热解过程中的脱硫行为进行了研究.探讨了等离子输入功率、停留时间和供煤速率对H2S产率的影响.研究结果表明,H2S产率随等离子发生器功率的增大而增加;随停留时间的延长H2S产率先增加,然后降低;反应后焦样的n(S)/n(C)比原煤的n(S)/n(C)小,表明硫的反应活性较碳高,容易转化进入气相.XRD结果显示含氢等离子体煤热解过程和加氢热解过程中硫的转化机理不同,含氢等离子体煤热解过程无机硫全部转化成气相产物.     

脉冲放电等离子体催化脱硫技术的试验研究

利用 10 -9s高压脉冲将CO2 部分分解为CO ,使用具有选择性的催化剂 ,由脉冲放电产生的部分高能电子提供反应所需能量 ,将烟气中的SO2 还原为单质硫 .在常温下进行的试验结果表明 :在气体流量为 70 0L/h时 ,脱硫率达 90 %以上 ,而能耗只有 2 .7W·h/m3 左右 .脱硫率随脉冲电压频率的增加而增加 ,存在一最佳值 .脱硫率随气体流量的增加而减小 ,当流量大于某一值时 ,这一影响更加明显     

脉冲放电等离子体催化脱硫技术的试验研究

利用１０＾－９ｓ高压脉冲将ＣＯ２部分分解为ＣＯ，使用具有选择性的催化剂，由脉冲放电产生的部分高能电子提供反应所需能量，将烟气中的ＳＯ２还原为单质硫，在常温下进行的试验结果表明：在气体流量为７００Ｌ／ｈ时，脱硫率达９０％以上，而能耗只有２．７Ｗ．ｈ／ｍ＾３左右，脱硫率随脉冲电压频率的增加而增加， 在一最佳值，脱硫率随气体流量的增加而减小，当流量大于某一值时，这一影响更加明显。     

再生条件对硫转移剂脱硫性能的影响

采用提升管循环流化床连续反应再生手段,考察再生条件对硫转移剂脱硫性能的影响.结果表明:随着再生温度的增加,硫转移剂的脱硫活性增加;再生器主风量影响催化剂的烧焦效果,但对硫转移剂的脱硫率没有明显的影响;烟气中过剩氧含量降低,硫转移剂的脱硫效果受到影响,但实验所用硫转移剂在烟气中氧气质量分数为0.8 %时,SO2脱除率可达90 %;催化剂在再生器中的停留时间明显影响硫转移剂的脱硫性能,停留时间越短,则脱硫率越低,即使停留时间为13 min,催化剂的脱硫率也可超过81 %.     

新型复合式浆态床内气体停留时间分布及模型

由空气-水、10%K2CO3溶液、20%K2CO3溶液、液体石蜡油构成气液两相体系,常压下表观气速为1～20 cm/s、静态液位200～550 mm、液体循环量0～240 L/h时,采用脉冲实验法测量一种特殊结构的浆态床反应器内气体停留时间分布.考察了操作参数和液体性质对浆态段的气体停留时间分布及返混程度的影响.结果表明:流型对停留时间分布的影响较大.气体平均停留时间随液体循环量和液体黏度的增加而增大;气体返混程度随静态液位增加而减小,随液体表面张力增加而增大.表面张力是影响返混程度的主要因素.同时建立相应的数学模型,得到停留时间密度分布函数,实验值与模型预测值吻合较好.     

流光放电烟气脱硫用高压脉冲电源的研制

脉冲电晕法烟气脱硫优点显著,但该法可能使正离子和电子离开流光通道,发生复合反应的范围不够大,自由基分布不广,很难产生稳定、宽范围和有效的流光,这就影响烟气脱硫,严重降低脱硫效率.本文分析了流光放电等离子体脱硫机理,提出一种直流叠加高压脉冲电源流光放电等离子体发生技术,并结合脱硫机理研制用于烟气脱硫的脉冲电源,通过现场运行测试,结果表明,在直流高压基础上叠加高压脉冲的技术方案可以有效提高脱硫效率.     

毫秒级无火花高压脉冲电源

给出一种实现毫秒级高压脉冲的方法。其原理是将三相高压变压器的次级分别整流再串接，在其中二相加滤波作为直流基压，在另一相的初级通过调节可关断可控硅（ＧＴＯ＿Ｓ）的导通时间，可获得不同宽度的带直流基压的脉冲高压。该电源还具有自动稳流、快速过流保护系统，可实现无火花供电。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-