漆酶催化降解氯酚类有机污染物

采用漆酶为催化剂,研究2,4－二氯酚、4－氯酚和2－氯酚的催化降解机理,探讨了反应时间、pH值、反应温度、氯酚浓度以及漆酶浓度对其降解效果的影响和最适降解条件。结果表明,漆酶催化氧化2,4－二氯酚的能力最强,其降解率10h内达到94%,4－氯酚为75%,2－氯酚为69%。2,4－二氯酚发生反应的最适pH值在5.2～6.0之间,4－氯酚在5.5附近,2－氯酚在4.5～5.5之间。漆酶对氯酚的降解率随着漆酶浓度、反应温度的升高而增大,但随着氯酚浓度的升高,不同氯酚的变化趋势并不相同。漆酶降解2,4－二氯酚的反应属于一级反应,反应活化能约为44.8 kJ·mol^-1。另外,利用戊二醛交联壳聚糖制成载体来固定化漆酶,固定化漆酶的活性虽低于自由漆酶,但稳定性明显增强,连续6d用其降解2,4－二氯酚,6h降解率始终在60%以上。     

纳米ZnO光催化降解有毒有机污染物

分别以硝酸锌,醋酸锌,氯化锌和硫酸锌为锌源采用水热法制备了纳米ZnO,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对ZnO进行了表征,结果表明：四类锌源制备的ZnO均为六方晶系的纤锌矿结构,尺寸在23.9～62.6 nm.在紫外光照射下以罗丹明B（Rhodamine B,RhB）和2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-Dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP）的光催化降解为探针反应,研究了介质pH条件和催化剂用量等对光催化反应的影响,表明pH=6.2和催化剂用量为0.4 g.L-1条件下以硝酸锌为锌源制备的ZnO活性最好,60 min内RhB褪色完全,120 min内2,4-DCP降解率达到97%.通过总有机碳（TOC）的测定,发现6 h内RhB矿化率达到95.2%.采用辣根过氧化物酶（POD）法和苯甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了体系中H2O2和羟基自由基（.OH）的变化,表明其光催化反应机理涉及.OH历程.     

Characterization of nanoscale iron and its degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol

Nanoscale iron was detected by TEM, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the size of the nanoscale iron particles is in the range of 30–40 nm according to TEM image, and it contains abundant Fe₃O₄ as passivating layers on the surface of the core-shell structure. To improve its performance, dilute HCl was used for the removal of the passivating layers, and the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was measured for the nanoscale iron samples treated and untreated. Experimental results demonstrated that the removal of 2,4-DCP by untreated nanoscale iron is mainly due to the adsorption of 2, 4-DCP by nanoscale iron, and there are no degradation products detected by HPLC in the process. However, excellent dechlorination of 2,4-DCP was gained by HCl-treated nanoscale iron, and 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol were detected during the process. It was concluded that dechlorination is the key reaction pathway for the degradation of 2,4-DCP by activated nanoscale iron, and phenol is found to be the main product.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol catalyzed by the immobilized laccase with the carrier of Fe3O4@MSS–NH2

With the Fe₃O₄@MSS (magnetic mesoporous silica spheres)–NH₂ as the carrier and the glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, the immobilized laccase has been prepared and characterized by XRD, IR, SEM and BET etc. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP reached 88 % and the removal efficiency still remained 61.5 % after five cycles of operations. In virtue of GC–MS analysis, 2,5-dimethoxyl-1,4-quinone, 2-chlorine-1,4-dimethoxyl benzene, 3,3′-dichlorine-4,4′-dimethoxyl biphenyl, maleic acid phenol ester, and three kinds of maleic acid, alcohol ester, and para-hydroxyl phenol ester compounds have been identified as intermediate and final degradation products of 2,4-DCP, respectively. Besides, the degradation products of 2,4-DCP have been confirmed by performing the ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR experiments, further demonstrating the degradation mechanism of 2,4-DCP by the immobilized laccase.     

Degradation of organic pollutants by a Co3O4-graphite composite electrode in an electro-Fenton-like system

A novel composite electrode was constructed by pressing together Co3O4 and graphite and it was used as the cathode in an electro-Fenton-like (EFL) system. The poor electron transport characteristic of Co3O4 was overcome by incorporating graphite. In situ electro-catalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) occurred at high current efficiencies from pH 2-10, extending the traditional Fenton reaction pH range. Cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectrometry were used to characterize the composite electrode. The ability of the EFL system to degrade organic compounds was investigated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as probes. Decoloration of SRB (1.0×10-5 mol/L) was complete (100%) in 150 min and SRB was effectively degraded from pH 2-10. The decomposition of SRB was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and results indicated that the final degradation products were carbon dioxide, carboxylic acids and amines. The EFL system also decomposed 2,4-DCP and the degradation was 98.6% in 240 min. Electro-catalytic degradation of SRB occurs by a ·OH mechanism. After 5 times reused, the degradation rate of SRB did not significantly slow down. The electrode shows excellent potential for use in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used to treat persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wastewater.     

生物膜电极法降解2,4-二氯苯酚

以2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）为目标污染物, 在隔膜式电解槽中研究不同离子交换膜对生物膜电极法处理2,4-DCP的影响. 结果表明: 阴离子交换膜有利于2,4-DCP在生物膜电极上的转化及去除中间产物; 生物膜电极保存的时间越长, 其对2,4-DCP的降解效果越差, 生物膜电极的使用寿命逐渐下降.     

Fe_3O_4@C纳米材料制备及其药物缓释性能

以乙酰丙酮铁和蔗糖为原料,碳酸钠作为沉淀剂,采用溶剂热法制备磁性Fe3O4@C纳米材料.用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对磁性Fe3O4@C纳米材料的组成、形貌及尺寸进行表征,并探究了磁性Fe3O4@C纳米材料对氯霉素的吸附性能及对卡那霉素的缓释性能.研究结果表明,该纳米材料具有良好的药物吸附及缓释性能.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of electrochemically synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles

In this study, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via an electrochemical method. The effects of reaction parameters such as supporting electrolytes, solvent, current and electrolysis time on the shape and size of the resulting NPs were investigated. The Al₂O₃ NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Moreover, the Al₂O₃ NPs were explored for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) dye under sunlight irradiation via two processes: adsorption followed by photocatalysis; coupled adsorption and photocatalysis. The coupled process exhibited a higher photodegradation efficiency (45%) compared to adsorption followed by photocatalysis (32%). The obtained kinetic data was well fitted using a pseudo-first-order model for MG degradation.     

Synthesis and characterization of Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> prepared from atmospheric pressure acid leach liquors of nickel laterite ores

A chemical precipitation-thermal decomposition method was developed to synthesize Co₃O₄ nanoparticles using cobalt liquor obtained from the atmospheric pressure acid leaching process of nickel laterite ores. The effects of the precursor reaction temperature, the concentration of Co2+, and the calcination temperature on the specific surface area, morphology, and the electrochemical behavior of the obtained Co₃O₄ particles were investigated. The precursor basic cobaltous carbonate and cobaltosic oxide products were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis, and electrochemical analysis. The results indicate that the specific surface area of the Co₃O₄ particles with a diameter of 30 nm, which were obtained under the optimum conditions of a precursor reaction temperature of 30℃, 0.25 mol/L Co2+, and a calcination temperature of 350℃, was 48.89 m2/g. Electrodes fabricated using Co₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited good electrochemical properties, with a specific capacitance of 216.3 F/g at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.     

高纯碱式碳酸镍制备及其除杂净化

通过分析相关杂质离子的吸附机理,结合制备碱式碳酸镍的工艺条件,开展了合成高纯碱式碳酸镍的研究。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对产品的形貌和结构进行了表征;采用电导仪分析洗涤效果。通过强化陈化洗涤,提高洗涤温度的方式得到一种高纯碱式碳酸镍产品,达到了电子行业应用的纯度要求。     

化学镀法制备多壁碳纳米管负载非晶态镍-磷纳米粒子催化剂的性能及其苯加氢催化活性研究

通过化学镀工艺,采用以次磷酸钠为还原剂的镀液将镍-磷（Ni-P）纳米粒子负载于多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）表面。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、高分辨透射电镜（HR-TEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、选区电子衍射仪（SAED）、电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、差示热分析仪（DTA）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）等测试手段对催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征,分析结果表明：Ni-P纳米粒子化学组成为Ni_73.8P_26.2,为非晶态结构实心圆球体,均匀分散负载于MWCNTs外壁,平均尺寸约100 nm,粒度分布窄,镍元素与磷元素之间无明显电子转移,催化剂在350℃以下结构和热稳定性较强。通过催化剂对于苯加氢反应的研究评价了其催化性能,结果表明在Ni-P/MWCNTs催化剂作用下,苯全部选择性地转化为环己烷,催化剂显示出较好的催化活性（71.2%）和高选择性（100%）。     

微波法制备碳纳米管负载ZnCdS纳米粒子及其光催化性能

用微波法制备了碳纳米管负载ZnCdS纳米复合材料(ZnCdS/CNTs).通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电镜(TEM)和X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)测试表明:平均粒径为25 nm六方纤锌矿结构的ZnCdS纳米粒子均匀分散在碳纳米管表面.ZnCdS/CNTs纳米复合材料在可见光下光催化降解甲基橙和罗丹明溶液.结果表明:催化剂用量为0.02g/L条件下,对初始浓度均为100mg/L的甲基橙和罗丹明溶液进行可见光光照50min后,降解率分别达到97%和96.7%;催化剂重复使用3次后,光照50min后甲基橙和罗丹明的降解率仍可达到92%和91%.     

固定化漆酶催化去除水中2,4-二氯苯酚

采用壳聚糖固定化漆酶催化去除水中的2,4－二氯苯酚,探讨了影响反应的不同因素,并与自由漆酶催化反应的条件进行了对比。结果表明,固定酶催化降解反应的最佳pH值在5.5左右,相对于自由漆酶,其最适pH 值向酸性偏移;降解反应的最适温度范围在30～45 ℃之间,较自由漆酶的反应温度范围增大;载体壳聚糖的吸附作用对降解反应和氯酚的去除率影响不大,氯酚的去除主要是漆酶催化氧化反应的结果;连续重复使用固定化漆酶去除模拟废水中的2,4-DCP,在重复操作6次之后,其降解效率仍能保持60%以上。     

日光/草酸铁络合物/H2O2降解水中2,4-二氯苯酚

以日光作光源 ,Fenton 草酸铁络合物为光氧化剂 ,对水中 2 ,4 -二氯苯酚进行了光氧化降解试验研究。结果表明 :草酸铁络合物 /H2 O2 光氧化降解 2 ,4 -二氯苯酚的速率显著高于Fenton试剂 ,前者的光解初始速率大约是后者的 4倍 ;溶液 pH值对光氧化有很大影响 ,pH值在 3左右 ,2 ,4 -二氯苯酚的光降解脱氯的效果较佳 ,pH超过 4 ,光降解脱氯效率明显下降 ;在晴天和多云日照下草酸铁络合物 /H2 O2 光氧化降解有机物的速率很快 ,在阴天的光解速率相对较慢 ,但效率仍然很高     

Co3O4-CeO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization

Co3O4-Ce O2 nanoparticles with increasing Co/Ce atomic ratio were prepared by wet impregnation and characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron. Co3O4 is prevalent in the samples with lower cobalt content, whereas Co3O4 is the main presence at high Co/Ce atomic ratios.Ce O2 is slightly reduced: Ce(III) is evident at the interface supported/ supporting oxide.X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy allowed us to obtain interesting information concerning particle dimensions and growing morphology. New acidic/basic sites are evident on the surface of the nanocomposites; this is particularly evident in the samples with lower cobalt content.     

纳米氧化铈的醇热合成及性能

采用醇热法制备了CeO2纳米材料,并以此为载体通过浸渍法制备了CuO/CeO2催化剂.XRD、TEM及N2吸附分析结果表明,所制备的CeO2比表面大且结构有序性好.TPR和XPS分析证实CuO/CeO2催化剂中有不同的铜物种存在.催化性能评价结果则显示焙烧温度影响CuO/CeO2催化剂的催化性能,而且由于组分间的相互作用使得CuO/CeO2的催化活性远远高于单纯CuO和CeO2组分.     

Co_3O_4-CeO_2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization

Co3O4-Ce O2 nanoparticles with increasing Co/Ce atomic ratio were prepared by wet impregnation and characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron. Co3O4 is prevalent in the samples with lower cobalt content, whereas Co3O4 is the main presence at high Co/Ce atomic ratios.Ce O2 is slightly reduced: Ce(III) is evident at the interface supported/ supporting oxide.X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy allowed us to obtain interesting information concerning particle dimensions and growing morphology. New acidic/basic sites are evident on the surface of the nanocomposites; this is particularly evident in the samples with lower cobalt content.     

新型纳米ZnO@SiO2光催化剂降解苯酚溶液的研究

通过化学沉淀、水热反应、煅烧过程制备了新型ZnO@SiO2光催化剂，采用X射线衍射（XRD）、电子透射电镜(TEM)、能谱分析（EDS）、比表面测定实验等手段对产物结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明，产物为核壳结构的ZnO@SiO2复合颗粒，粒径约为20nm，表面包覆有3nm左右的SiO2壳层。以苯酚为目标降解物，研究新型ZnO@SiO2复合材料在不同pH值溶液中的光催化性能。光催化降解实验结果表明，在酸性（pH 5.8，2.8）或碱性（pH 8.3，12.4）溶液中，ZnO对苯酚的光催化降解率小于10%，而新型核壳结构ZnO@SiO2对苯酚的降解率显著高于ZnO，核壳结构明显改善了光催化剂的稳定性。     

软模板法合成纳米Cu2O及其光催化研究

采用不同分子量的聚乙二醇（PEG）形成不同大小的胶束为模板,在室温下碱性沉淀制备出多孔性的氧化亚铜纳米粒子。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对合成产物的晶体结构和微观形貌进行表征,以甲基橙和刚果红的光催化降解为模型,评价了不同分子量聚乙二醇所制备氧化亚铜的光催化性能。结果表明,添加分子量35000的Cu2O对30 mg/L甲基橙催化降解效果最好,40 min达91.49%;添加分子量为200的Cu2O降解30 mg/L的刚果红30 min暗反应后,吸附降解率达95.11%;添加分子量35000的Cu2O循环使用4次降解率保持在94%以上。     

石墨烯/ZnSe纳米复合物的制备及电化学发光性质

将还原的氧化石墨烯加入合成的ZnSe纳米粒子溶液中,在超声作用下形成石墨烯/ZnSe纳米复合物.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等分析测试手段对所得产物的形貌、晶型进行了表征,测试了所得产物的紫外吸收光谱和电化学发光行为,研究了影响复合物电化学发光性质的因素,探讨了复合物分析应用的可行性.