用溶液聚合法合成高相对分子质量的原油降凝剂

在低压下以异丁醇为溶剂,采用溶液聚合法合成了平均相对分子质量较高的原油降凝剂乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA),探讨了合成条件对降凝剂EVA产量和性质的影响.实验结果表明,反应体系的压力从4 MPa增加到11 MPa时,EVA的产量从3.88 g增加到11.6 g,醋酸乙烯酯(VA)链节含量从25.2% 下降到16.34%,平均相对分子质量从0.38×104增加到1.37×104;引发剂用量从0.05 g增加到0.25 g时,EVA的产量从6.0 g增加到13.3 g,VA链节含量保持在23.5%左右不变,平均相对分子质量从0.34×104增加到1.72×104.醋酸乙烯酯用量从9.5 g增加到27.0 g时,EVA的产量从4.79 g增加到10.35 g,VA链节含量从8.81%上升到22.2%,平均相对分子质量从0.63×104增加到1.51×104;反应体系的温度从333.5 K上升到373.5 K时,EVA的产量从14.33 g下降到5.14 g,平均相对分子质量从1.39×104减小到0.53×104,EVA分子结构中VA链节含量从16.8% 上升到35.3%, 总支化度从25.0 CH3/(1?000C)升高到72.9CH3/(1?000C); 反应体系的溶剂选用良溶剂时,EVA的平均相对分子质量较低,反应体系的溶剂选用非良溶剂时,EVA的平均相对分子质量较高.当苯作为溶剂时,得到的EVA的平均相对分子质量为4?951;当异丙醇为溶剂时,EVA的平均相对分子质量为1.32×104.     

原油降凝剂乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物的制备

乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯(EMA)是一种高效的原油降凝剂,为了推动EMA在原油输送中的应用,在低压下,以异丁醇为溶剂,通过溶液聚合法得到了平均相对分子质量0.6×104～2.0×104、MA链节含量10%～50%的高相对分子质量EMA.反应体系的压力、引发剂用量、丙烯酸甲酯的用量和反应温度对共聚物EMA的相对分子质量和分子结构组成的影响以及分子结构对降凝效果的影响进行了系统地研究.     

降凝剂EVA的结构表征

利用^1H-NMR和^13C-NMR对降凝剂乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯（EVA）的分子结构进行了表征，实验表明，在EVA共聚物中乙烯链节（E）、醋酸乙烯酯链节（VA）在聚合链上的序列分布状况主要取决于EVA中醋酸乙烯酯链节含量，具有相同醋酸乙烯酯链节含量的EVA共聚物，分子结构的序列分布状况是相同的．随着醋酸乙烯酯链节含量的增大，VVE的含量和醋酸乙烯酯链节长度增加，而EVE的含量及乙烯链节长度都随着降低．EVA分子结构中的侧链主要是丁基、戊基或更长的烷基．     

乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物对含蜡原油降凝效果评价

以长庆、青海含蜡原油为研究对象,考察乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(简称EVA)降凝剂对含蜡原油的降凝效果.利用DSC热分析仪和偏光显微镜考察加剂前后含蜡原油的结晶特性和原油中的蜡晶形貌,并通过凝点和流变试验评价EVA降凝剂对含蜡原油的降凝效果.结果表明:随着分子量的增大,EVA结晶性能稍有提高;随着极性基团含量的提高,EVA结晶性能显著恶化.EVA降凝剂对含蜡原油的降凝效果与原油组成和降凝剂结构有关:随着原油中蜡含量的增大或蜡平均碳数的提高,降凝剂的降凝效果变差;降凝剂的分子量通过影响其在原油中的溶解性来影响降凝效果;EVA极性基团含量过高(大于33 %)或过低(小于18 %)都不利于降凝,只有在中间范围内时(28 %左右),才能起到较好的降凝效果;随着EVA浓度的提高,改性效果先不断提高,然后在高浓度下基本保持不变.     

乙烯一醋酸乙烯醋的结构与降凝性能的关系

用溶液聚合法合成了各种结构的乙烯一醋酸乙烯醋共聚物(EVA)降凝剂,考察了它们的结晶性质、溶解性质和降凝效果。由实验得到以下结论:EVA降凝剂的CH:链上只有远离极性基团的碳原子能够参与结晶。当参与结晶的碳原子数约等于原油中蜡的平均碳原子数的3/4时,EVA降凝剂的降凝效果最好。EVA降凝剂的相对分子质量分布的宽窄对降凝效果的影响不大,平均相对分子质量在1.2xl04时降凝效果较好。     

EVA分子结构对其改性沥青性能的影响

以秦皇岛AH-70沥青和克拉玛依AH-70沥青为基质沥青,以不同醋酸乙烯(VA)含量的乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为改性剂制备EVA改性沥青,采用动态力学分析(DMA)方法和荧光显微镜考察VA含量对EVA改性沥青流变性、相容性及常规性能等的影响。结果表明:在测定频率与温度范围内,随着VA含量的增加,EVA改性沥青的相位角δ增大,黏性成分逐渐增加,车辙因子G*/sinδ减小,抗车辙能力逐渐减弱,相容性先增强后减弱;在测定VA含量范围内,当VA含量为25%时,EVA改性沥青的综合性能达到最好;秦皇岛EVA改性沥青的抗车辙能力优于克拉玛依EVA改性沥青,克拉玛依EVA改性沥青的相容性相对较好。     

一种新型共聚酯组成对其热性能、结晶度和特性粘度的影响

本文以对苯二甲酸、乙二醇、α,ω二-(4-羟基丁基)聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)和间苯二甲酸双羟乙酯磺酸钠(SIPE)为原料,共缩聚制备一种新型、可用作丙纶可染母粒的共聚酯。研究了原料组成对其热性能和结晶度的影响规律,结果表明:①共聚酯的玻璃化温度、结晶温度和结晶度、熔点均随SIPE和PDMS含量的增加而下降,而随PDMS相对分子质量的增加先下降,后上升。当PDMS的相对分子质量为4.2×103～7.5×103范围时,共聚酯的玻璃化温度,结晶温度,熔点和结晶度均相对较低。②共聚酯的热分解温度随SIPE含量的增加而下降;随PDMS含量的增加略有上升;但基本不随PDMS相对分子质量的变化而变化。③共聚酯的特性粘数随SIPE含量、PDMS含量和PDMS相对分子质量的增加而下降。     

热萃取污油的降凝处理研究

经热萃取从含油污泥中得到的回收污油凝固点高、流动性差,为降低凝点改善其低温流动性,分别采用降凝剂及降凝剂与超声波联合处理的方法,对回收污油进行降凝处理.结果表明:在众多降凝剂中EVA的降凝效果较好,且当反应时间为0.5 h、反应温度为75℃、降凝剂的质量浓度为400 mg/L时,污油凝点从48℃降低到12℃,降凝率达75%;若将降凝剂和超声波联合使用,凝点可降到5℃,降凝率达90%;处理后的污油与原油混合具有良好的输送性能.     

聚乳酸的间接合成研究

以D,L乳酸为原料、ZnO为催化剂,制备中间体丙交酯;再以丙交酯为原料、ZnO为催化剂,开环制得了较高相对分子质量的聚乳酸.用红外光谱仪(IR)对丙交酯及聚乳酸进行了表征,并讨论了影响丙交酯产率、聚乳酸相对分子质量的主要因素.得出在压力1.7×104 Pa、催化剂质量分数为2.2%的条件下,两步脱水后制得的丙交酯经多次纯化后,其最大产率可达31%.在压力1.7×104 Pa、催化剂质量分数0.06%时,可得到相对分子质量为1.1×105的聚乳酸.     

高相对分子质量聚乙烯醇的制备

采用醋酸乙烯酯为单体,以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,偶氮二异庚腈为引发剂,通过正交实验研究了溶液聚合法制备高相对分子质量聚醋酸乙烯酯的最佳工艺条件。通过单因素实验验证了最佳工艺条件的可靠性并分析了溶剂用量、引发剂用量、反应温度对醋酸乙烯酯相对分子质量的影响规律。在最佳工艺条件下制得了粘均相对分子质量为9.0×105的聚醋酸乙烯酯,经醇解得到了聚合度为4000的聚乙烯醇。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.