地球生命系统与可持续发展

为论证可持续发展是人类必须进行而且是可以实现的发展模式，应用热力学原理分析了地球生命系统广义热力学循环，计算了地球生命系统的能流与熵流，在此基础上，结合中国国情，对不同发展模式CO2排放进行比较。结果表明，开发利用对环境友好的可依赖新能源，提高资源的有效利用率，同时资源利用以最少破坏环境为准则，是可持续发展的关键。     

负能谱中的黑洞热力学

根据LandauLD的负能谱论述,论证了高密度自引力系统是实际存在的负能谱系统,进一步以负能谱理论研讨了黑洞的视界温度、熵以及熵的演化.最后,讨论了黑洞的热力学第三定律.     

朗肯循环海洋温差能发电系统性能理论分析与试验

 针对海洋温差发电系统中效率低的问题,对海洋温差发电朗肯循环进行了理论分析,建立了系统中关键设备数学模型,计算了发电系统循环热效率、净输出功率。通过计算得到：当透平进口气体温度和冷凝温度一定时,循环热效率随透平进口气体压力的增大先升高后降低,且存在最大值。研建了15 kW朗肯循环海洋温差能发电系统并试验验证,得到了在模拟海洋温差下循环热效率随各参数的变化趋势与规律,同时与理论计算结果比较,验证了理论计算结果的可靠性。     

熵变原理与生态系统

<正>现代生态系统是以人类为中心的自然生态系统和社会系统的综合系统。从热力学的观点看,生态系统中生物与环境的物、能交换必然引起系统熵的变化。本文试从非平衡热力学原理的角度讨论生态系统与熵的关系,根据熵的变化来判别系统不可逆过程的方向,解释生态系统中的生物包括人类在内生存、发展的客观规律,并进一步阐明生态系统的有序结构,评价现代生态系统的经济效益。     

J D Bekenstein黑洞热力学理论的内在桎梏

J D Bekenstein将正能谱条件下(即通常低密度条件下)建立的热力学(主要是它的熵增原理)形式地推广到负能谱条件下的自引力系统，这样一来必然带来许多矛盾．笔者从几个重要方面分析了Bekenstein热力学中存在的内在桎梏.     

Assessing the meridional atmosphere and ocean energy transport in a varying climate

Assessing the meridional atmosphere and ocean energy transport is one of the most classical problems in climate research.The meridional energy transport plays a critical role in maintaining the equilibrium of the earth system.Although the principle to calculate the meridional energy transport is simple,many fundamental questions remain unsolved.For example,what are the intrinsic mechanisms to maintain the hemispherically antisymmetric structure in the total energy transport? How on earth does the meridional energy transport partition between the atmosphere and ocean and,is there really a so-called "Bjerknes compensation" relationship between them? This relationship would provide us deep insight into the coupling mechanisms between the ocean and atmosphere in global scale.In this review we try to come out some important problems that are deserved in-depth investigations in current climate studies.     

Reversal of the net dinitrogen gas flux in coastal marine sediments

The flux of nitrogen from land and atmosphere to estuaries and the coastal ocean has increased substantially in recent decades. The observed increase in nitrogen loading is caused by population growth, urbanization, expanding water and sewer infrastructure, fossil fuel combustion and synthetic fertilizer consumption. Most of the nitrogen is removed by denitrification in the sediments of estuaries and the continental shelf, leading to a reduction in both cultural eutrophication and nitrogen pollution of the open ocean. Nitrogen fixation, however, is thought to be a negligible process in sub-tidal heterotrophic marine systems. Here we report sediment core data from Narragansett Bay, USA, which demonstrate that heterotrophic marine sediments can switch from being a net sink to being a net source of nitrogen. Mesocosm and core incubation experiments, together with a historic data set of mean annual chlorophyll production, support the idea that a climate-induced decrease in primary production has led to a decrease in organic matter deposition to the benthos and the observed reversal of the net sediment nitrogen flux. Our results suggest that some estuaries may no longer remove nitrogen from the water column. Instead, nitrogen could be exported to the continental shelf and the open ocean and could shift the effect of anthropogenic nitrogen loading beyond the immediate coastal zone.     

剖析压缩式制冷装置能耗

所有制冷装置均遵循热力学第二定律工作,在获得冷量的同时必须消耗能量,但这决不意味着制冷装置的运行就无节能措施可言,制冷装置的制冷量和耗能量与许多因素有关,只有充分理解这些因素的影响,才能寻求制冷装置的节能途径。本文就蒸气压缩式制冷的热力循环原理、系统的正确设计、制冷设备的妥善维护和保养等方面对其制冷能耗的影响作阐明,以期达到制冷装置的节能运行。     

Entropy equilibrium equation and dynamic entropy production in environment liquid

The entropy equilibrium equation is the basis of the nonequilibrium state thermodynamics. But the internal energy implies the kinetic energy of the fluid micelle relative to mass center in the classical entropy equilibrium equation at present. This internal energy is not the mean kinetic energy of molecular movement in thermodynamics. Here a modified entropy equilibrium equation is deduced, based on the concept that the internal energy is just the mean kinetic energy of the molecular movement. A dynamic entropy production is introduced into the entropy equilibrium equation to describe the dynamic process distinctly. This modified entropy equilibrium equation can describe not only the entropy variation of the irreversible processes but also the reversible processes in a thermodynamic system. It is more reasonable and suitable for wider applications.     

元系统热力学及其对铁电和超导等系统的应用

发展了一种元系统的热力学,用微分拓扑的方法,仅从热力学第一定律出发,就证明了元系统的热力学温度函数和熵函数的存在性,导出元系统的热力学基本方程,其结果可推广到平衡态和非平衡态的宏观系统。文中也讨论了元系统热力学应用于铁电、超导等系统的热力学的可能性。     

再论重力场中大气粒子的分布规律

本详细地分析了地球大气系统粒子的数密度的分布规律，从中发现：（1）该系统的平衡条件有别于一般热力学系统的平衡条件；（2）该系统粒子数密度分布规律不仅与系统粒子的平均速度和所在处的重力势能有关，而且还与系统的湿度和速度的距离梯度有关，也与系统的整体运动速度有关。     

最大可能熵原理

定义了最大可能熵(PME)的新概念,并提出最大可能熵原理.仅对孤立的平衡系统而言PME才等于系统的熵(Sm=S),一般情况下PME总是大于系统的真实熵(Sm＞S).当一个非平衡开放系统的PME不管因为甚么原因增大时,它的信息和熵就能同时增加.例如,当一个系统的体积和能量增加时,其PME就增大,从而导致它的信息和熵可同时增加.最大可能熵原理建立在理论和近年提出的"熵界"上.由这个原理不但能推导出科学上已有结论,如黑洞无毛定理,还可用来解释宇宙中某些谜一样的问题,如整个宇宙的熵增大,同时地球上的生物却可以不断进化.     

Movement of earth rotation and activities of atmosphere and ocean

The rotation of the earth, including the variation of the rotational rate and polar motion, represents the statement of the earth’s overall movement and interactions among the solid earth, atmosphere and ocean on a variety of space-time scales. They make the earth’s complex dynamical system under the conservation of angular momentum. The application and development of recent space geodetic techniques greatly promote the researches on the interactions between the earth rotation and the activities of atmosphere and ocean. This review will mainly report the progress in researches on the earth rotation and the activities of atmosphere and ocean as well as the air-sea interaction in the tropics, and prospect the direction for future theoretical investigations.     

熵与地球生命环境

由于地球上任一地区接收到太阳辐射能量的周期变化,导致地球表面温度的周期性变化,由此及地球系统的能量收支状况出地球系统在一个周期中的熵变公式,得出地球系统平均负熵流功率,由于地球系统温度的日周期变化源地球自转,因而地球自转是地球系统熵变功率为负的根源,又由于生命生存、生物进货依赖于负熵流,得出重要结论：地球自转是地球系统生物进货和生命生存的必要条件,并且还对人体热熵流进行了估算。     

污泥活性炭对活性艳红K-2BP染料的吸附特性研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥作为原料，采用化学活化法（ZnCl₂作为活化剂）制得污泥活性炭，并将其用于吸附活性艳红K-2BP染料.考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和pH值对吸附效果的影响，并对其吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨. 结果表明，所制得的污泥活性炭的碘吸附值为326mg^.g^-1，产率为51.31%，BET比表面积为298m^2.g^-1，具有中孔性和开放的孔结构，浸出液重金属含量不超标；污泥活性炭对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附动力学符合二阶段吸附速率方程和伪二级动力学方程；此吸附为优惠吸附，Langmuir等温方程比Freundlich等温方程更适合于描述此吸附行为；此吸附是一个吸热过程（吸附焓ΔH>0），提高温度有利于吸附的进行，吸附自发进行（吸附自由能ΔG<0），吸附熵ΔS总是正值.     

利用标准生成自由能判定化合物的稳定性

本文从热力学原理出发，推导出：二元系中化合物的标准生成自由能符合拟抛物线规划；推广到三元系中则应符合抛物面规则；并且利用上述规则判定含稀土体系中化合物的稳定性。     

大气的熵场分析

天气学天气预报经历着气压场分析方法，能量场分析方法和我们提出的熵场分析方法。气压场分析法，只适用于干空气；能量场分析法，只对于平衡系统适用。而大气是一个开放的非平衡系统，只有熵场分析才能解决问题。     

两变量热力学系统绝热线唯一性定理及其应用

本文严格证明了两变量热力学系统绝热线存在和唯一性定理,由这一定理出发不需要热力学第二定律就能证明两变量和一变量热力学系统熵函数和绝对温度函数的存在性.同时本文还证明了第零类永动机实际上是第一类永动机的一种类型.     

无机化学中“优化学热力学”教学的探讨

在无机化学中引入化学热力学,是一个较新的课题。本文着重探讨了在无机化学中怎样深入浅出地引出热力学函数中含(H)、熵(S)和自由能(G)的概念和物理意义,及这些热力学函数间的相互关系。并以热力学能量观点研究了无机化学教学中的一些无机化合物性质和无机化学反应规律。     

Investigation of the entropy generation and efficiency of a solar thermophotovoltaic system

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, a theoretical model is established for efficiency analysis and optimization of a solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system. The entropy generation in the photo-electricity conversion process is numerically calculated and analyzed for the component modules involved in the whole system assembly. The effects of the emitter temperature, concentration ratio, energy bandgap, cell temperature and the transmissivity of the filter on the entropy and the efficiency are investigated. Meanwhile, the conversion efficiencies of the modules are discussed. The following results are obtained: at first the entropy gen-eration of the system reduces but then increases with the rise of the emitter temperature. When the concentration ratio improves, the entropy generation of the system falls. The increase of the bandgap value and chemical potential of the cell also causes the reduction of the entropy generation. Along with the increase of the cell temperature, the entropy generation increases and the conversion efficiency of the STPV system decreases.