粉煤灰抑制砂岩碱硅酸反应

采用岩相法、砂浆棒快速法、混凝土棱柱体法研究了砂岩集料的碱硅酸反应活性,并评价了粉煤灰对砂岩集料碱硅酸反应的抑制效果.实验结果表明,该砂岩集料含有5%～12%微晶石英,具有碱硅酸反应活性.砂浆和混凝土试件的膨胀率随着粉煤灰掺量的增大而减小.水泥碱质量分数为2.0%时,粉煤灰掺量30%和40%的混凝土试件养护24月膨胀率仍然小于0.04%.Ⅰ级粉煤灰占胶凝材料质量分数大于30%,可以有效抑制砂岩集料的碱硅酸反应引起的膨胀.粉煤灰的加入降低了CSH凝胶中的Ca与Si摩尔比.低Ca与Si摩尔比的CSH凝胶可以吸附更多的Na 、K ,有效地抑制碱硅酸反应.     

养护温度对LiNO3抑制碱硅酸反应及其膨胀的影响

研究了38℃和60℃下石英玻璃在掺LiNO_3的Na OH溶液中碱硅酸反应过程,采用酸化处理法确定体系中SiO_2分布,采用等离子发射光谱(ICP)分析溶液中Na、Si和Li元素浓度变化,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征反应产物的组成和形貌;并检测了38℃和80℃湿气养护下掺LiNO_3的沸石化珍珠岩混凝土微柱的膨胀性。结果表明:加入LiNO_3降低了溶液中石英玻璃的溶蚀率和SiO_2的溶解度,减缓了ASR的反应速率;不同养护温度下形成的含锂产物不同,提高温度有利于Li_2SiO_3晶体的形成。对于混凝土微柱,掺锂试件早期抑制效果良好,后期仍膨胀;相同锂掺量下80℃湿气养护的试件膨胀率却明显低于38℃时的膨胀率。可见,高温养护下LiNO_3抑制ASR膨胀的效果不能很好地评价在低温下的作用效果。     

胶砂比和集料级配对ASR膨胀的影响

为建立快速鉴定硅质集料碱活性的方法,以沸石化珍珠岩和硅质砾石为集料研究了胶砂比和集料级配对砂浆试体ASR膨胀的影响。结果表明对检测集料ASR活性而言,快速砂浆棒法(ASTMC1260和CSAA23.2-25A)所建立的集料级配和胶砂比不是最敏感条件。采用单级配集料和多胶砂比砂浆试体可以更快速、可靠地鉴定集料ASR活性。     

集料的结构构造特征与碱活性鉴定

用光学显微镜和SEM/EDS研究了沸石化珍珠岩和硅质砾岩的结构构造及ASR反应特征,讨论了集料的物理构造和颗粒尺寸对ASR过程和膨胀的影响.不同级配的沸石化珍珠岩和硅质砾岩表现出的不同"最不利现象"主要与两者的物理构造不同有关;测长法鉴定集料碱活性,除集料的活性组分外,应注意集料物理构造的影响;采用单级配细集料可在一定程度上减弱集料物理构造对ASR过程和膨胀的影响.     

锂渣粉对碱-硅反应的抑制效果及其自身微膨胀的分离

为了客观评价锂渣粉抑制碱-硅反应(ASR)的效果,进行了锂渣粉抑制ASR的试验和分离锂渣粉自身微膨胀的试验.用砂浆棒快速法对比了锂渣粉与粉煤灰单掺或复掺对ASR的抑制效果,当掺量为20%时,锂渣粉的抑制效果为76%,而粉煤灰的抑制效果可达93%,表明同掺量下锂渣粉对ASR的抑制效果远不如粉煤灰.采用砂浆棒快速法,使用非活性大理岩骨料测试在锂渣粉掺量为0,10%,20%,30%时的膨胀率,计算得到不同掺量下锂渣粉产生的微膨胀(膨胀率约0.005%~0.015%),然后从相应锂渣粉掺量下采用活性砂岩骨料时的膨胀率中减去锂渣粉的微膨胀,从而从锂渣粉抑制活性骨料ASR效能试验的膨胀值中分离出锂渣粉产生的自身微膨胀.采用60℃快速混凝土棱柱体法,进一步证实了混凝土中锂渣粉导致的早期微膨胀以及锂渣粉对ASR的抑制效果.结果表明:锂渣粉会导致砂浆或者混凝土在早期发生微膨胀;测试锂渣粉抑制ASR的效果时,需分离这种微膨胀;锂渣粉掺量为30%以上时,可有效抑制砂岩骨料的ASR,抑制效果约89%,略逊于同掺量粉煤灰的典型抑制效果.     

锂离子在混凝土碱集料反应过程中的作用

在采用X射线衍射分析、化学组成分析和偏光显微镜分析对硅质碳酸盐集料的矿物学特征充分研究的基础上,研究了锂离子迁移渗透在混凝土碱集料反应过程中的行为特征.混凝土棱柱法(CSA A23.2-14A或ASTM C 1293)所测的膨胀结果表明:掺加[Li]/[Na+K]摩尔比1.11的LiNO3-能有效抑制混凝土碱集料反应膨胀;锂玻璃不仅不能抑制碱集料反应膨胀甚至会在一定程度上促进膨胀;与单一掺加混合材(粉煤灰或矿渣)相比,LiNO3与混合材的复合在一定程度上增强了相应的膨胀抑制效果;在混凝土碱集料反应过程中,存在Li+与Na+,K+之间的竞争.相对而言,Li+具有一定的优势.这与锂盐能表现出一定的混凝土碱集料反应膨胀抑制效果相一致.此外,强度对比研究结果表明,掺加锂盐一定程度上降低了混凝土的强度.     

ASR对再生混凝土冻融循环二次损伤的影响

研究了再生混凝土经历碱硅酸反应（ASR）后,受冻融循环二次损伤的影响. 将试件浸泡在80 ℃的1 mol/L NaOH溶液中进行碱硅酸反应28 d,然后分别进行20次、40次冻融循环,完成对试件膨胀率、相对动弹性模量的测量. 结果表明,前期ASR对再生混凝土受冻后二次膨胀的促进作用在再生骨料取代率为30%时达到最大;对于相对动弹性模量而言,前期ASR对后期冻融二次受损是否有促进作用取决于骨料的碱活性,骨料碱活性越高,促进作用越弱.     

碱硅酸反应作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散规律和结合能力

采用活性集料和非活性集料配成混凝土进行对比试验,研究了氯离子在同时受到碱硅酸反应(ASR)作用的混凝土中的扩散和结合特性.所用混凝土的碱含量分别为水泥质量的0.5%和1.5%,试验温度为60℃,并采用3.5%和7.5%两种不同质量分数的NaC l溶液浸泡混凝土,进行了氯离子渗透试验,测定了不同浸泡龄期下混凝土试件内部总氯离子含量和自由氯离子含量.用XRD和SEM以及压汞法对试件进行了微观结构分析.结果表明:在ASR同时作用时,混凝土的氯离子扩散速度减慢,混凝土对氯离子的结合表现为线性吸附关系,氯离子结合能力也明显降低;ASR所导致的开裂不会明显提高氯离子的侵入.由于氯离子扩散速度减慢,混凝土钢筋锈蚀时间延迟,但并不能得到抑制,并且由于氯离子结合能力的降低以及ASR的发生,孔溶液中C(C l-)/C(OH-)提高,反而会使锈蚀加快.     

粉煤灰抑制ASR的机理分析

文章通过研究混凝土界面过渡区的结构与组成来分析粉煤灰抑制ASR的机理.外加KOH条件下内掺粉煤灰取代部分水泥制作混凝土试件,在标准条件下养护28 d,用砂浆棒方法测定了混凝土的膨胀率,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察界面过渡区的形貌;用能谱分析(EDXA)测定了C-S-H凝胶的化学组成.结果显示,粉煤灰的掺入对ASR有较...     

粉煤灰品质与抑制ASR膨胀的能力

对比研究了2类、4种粉煤的化学和矿物组成、颗粒形貌和级配及抑制碱硅酸反应(ASR)膨胀的效果,讨论了粉煤灰品质与抑制ASR膨胀的关系。结果表明：相同掺量时,低钙粉煤灰抑制ASR能力优于高钙粉煤灰;粉煤灰同一品质指标对不同类型粉煤灰抑制ASR能力的影响不同,不同粉煤灰抑制ASR能力的差异不能简单归结为某一特定品质指标的差别,特别是品质指标绝对值及差别不大时。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-