三方博弈下的村委会选举

村干部、乡村精英及普通民众是村委会选举的直接参与者.三者在村委会选举的博弈中,往往以村干部和乡村精英的联合胜出而告终,普通民众一直处于权力的边缘,导致选举力量的严重失衡.这不仅促使了部分民众的政治冷漠,也阻碍了基层民主的健康发展.因此,首先要规范村民选举制度,细化操作流程.其次要保障村民选举制度,加强国家主导.最后要拓宽村委会选举出入口,消解地方利益集团.通过上述措施打破村干部与乡村精英之间的利益组合,畅通普通民众参选通道,平衡选举权博弈中的三方力量.     

村委会与党支部的互动关系研究

农村社会的权力结构是由多种因素构成的复合体,涵盖了农村传统的宗族势力、所谓的"黑金势力"以及新崛起的经济势力等等。既然是多种因素共存的复合体,必然会存在权力的博弈,村民自治选举结果就是这些势力的博弈,但这一结果并不意味着博弈的结束,而是转化为以村党支部和村委会为代表的新博弈,是党支部和村委会"新关系"的开始。本文在引入"非体制精英"概念的基础上,分析了党支部和村委会在处理村庄日常事务中的关系,试图对村庄选举之后的权力博弈进行梳理。     

国家权力主导下的村民选举——从自发性民主到现实性民主的探索

中国以村民选举为主要内容的乡村自治的改革经过30年的发展，乡村民主逐渐从自发性民主过渡到现实性民主，在国家权力的推动下，乡村社会一定程度上获得了有法律保障的民主权力。村民选举能够在乡村逐渐推行，主要得益于四种力量的推动，即各地农民的实践、民政部门的总结、中央高层的推动和全国人大的立法。乡村民主的每一步发展，都和行政力量的推动紧密联系，可以说村民选举是民间智慧和国家权利相互配合，共同寻找到的一种新的乡村社会管理模式。     

选举传播对乡村政治文化的正向建构

中国古代社会具有强国家、弱社会的特征，国家对乡村社会拥有无所不在的统治权。从1980年代开始推行的村民选举制度，通过国家法律的确认和村民选举的实践，逐渐实现了农民的有限自治。村民选举作为一种制度创新成果，它在乡村社会的传播，促进了乡村公共领域的形成，增强了农民的契约意识，提高了农民的民主精神，进而使乡村政治文化在结构上做出新的调整。在新的乡村政治环境下，民意成为乡村政治的精神基础，协商成为乡村治理的工作机制，诚信成为乡村发展的动力源泉。     

中国农村二元权力结构论

根据作者第一手调查资料 ,紧密结合广东农村撤区设村、统一实施《村委会组织法》的改革实践 ,从农村二元权力结构的理论视野 ,着重分析了村民选举后村委会与党支部的权力关系及其变化。认为 ,直接公开的村民选举导入了一种自下而上的民主权力 ,促使农村权力关系从一元权力结构向二元权力结构的转型。在现行的宏观政治框架内 ,建立在权力资源配置多元化和权力来源渠道二元化基础之上的农村党政关系 ,通过“两票制”和“二选联动机制”把村民选举的制度机制同时引入村委会与党支部建设 ,有助于“完善党的领导 -发展村民自治”双赢目标的实现。     

西藏第五届村民委员会换届选举现状调查研究

对西藏村委会选举情况进行调查研究,不仅可以客观地了解西藏村民自治的进程,而且有利于政策制定者掌握西藏村委会选举工作中出现的新情况、新问题,从而不断调整政策的规范方向。文章通过对西藏第五届村民委员会选举情况的实地调查,了解西藏村委会选举的程序,对选举中存在的问题及其原因进行了分析,并对如何作好西藏农牧民的选举工作进行了探讨。     

对我国村委会贿选现象的思考

1982年《宪法》与1998年的《村民委员会组织法》，确立了村民自治的基本制度。自从这个制度实施以来，对我国社会主义政治文明和新农村的建设起着良好的推动作用，但是在村委会选举中存在的贿选现象严重危害着村民自治的健康发展。笔者从对“贿选”概念的界定起，通过分析贿选产生的原因，从而提出治理贿选问题的对策与建议。     

村民自治的中层参与制度建设

选举是民主制度的基础而非全部,但是目前我国的村民自治对选举之外的其他中层参与制度关注不足。由于我国农民处在一种＂社会化小农＂的阶段上,其政治参与具有被动、资源不足、非专业性和怀疑性特征,中层参与制度的缺失必定会使村民自治的实际效果大打折扣。要加强中层参与制度的建设：村干部应当主动沟通、引入中立第三方支持机制、政府加大资源投入、降低农民参与村政的门槛,以便使农民真正实现有序有效的政治参与。     

论村民自治选举程序的完善

选举程序直接决定村委会的产生及其组成人员的民意基础,因此完善选举程序是推进村民自治的关键环节。鉴于此,《村组法》应该在程序上进一步明确选举委员会成员的资格,确定科学的选举方案,建立选民登记异议制度,健全正式候选人产生机制,规范选举大会现场。     

论老舍在《四世同堂》中对民族伦理文化问题的思考

描绘中国文化在日寇入侵时的多样折射，是小说《四世同堂》的一个重要内容。小说中塑造了代表中国传统文化不同方面的三类形象：精英、败类和普通民众。描绘了他们在侵略者面前所持的不同态度：精英舍身取义，败类见利忘义，普通民众则既不乏民族感又往往苟且偷生。精英体现了中国传统文化向中国新文化转化的根基和方向，败类显示了传统文化的窳败，普通民众则昭示了中国传统文化的复杂性。显现在普通民众言行中缺“刺”的文化过熟现象是老舍关注的热点。挖掘文化过熟的根源，是《四世同堂》的另一个重要内容。大家庭制度和顺民教育是《四世同堂》中揭示的文化过熟的重要根源。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.