分支参数对天然气水合物羽状多分支井降压开采产能的影响规律

天然气水合物是未来极具发展潜力的清洁能源,而多分支井开采技术是天然气水合物高效开采的一种值得进一步探索的技术方法。基于南海神狐海域SHSC-4试采井测井曲线数据,建立了理想水合物藏分层地质模型。分析了羽状多分支井布设在水合物Ⅱ层中部时,分支参数对降压开采产能的影响规律。结果表明:(1)分支参数优化时,应首先考虑分支长度;尤其是当分支长度较短时,分支长度增加的增产效果最强;随着分支长度增加到一定长度,继续增加分支长度的产能增幅逐渐减弱。(2)其次应考虑分支数目和分支角度;相较于增加分支长度,增加分支数目和分支角度对产能影响较弱且增产效果相近;基于钻井成本考虑,分支数目不宜过多;分支角度大于45°时,产能增幅呈下降趋势,因此分支角度应小于45°。(3)在充分考虑上述分支参数的基础上,可适当考虑分支间距。相较于其他分支参数,增加分支间距对产能影响最弱,在保证较大控制面积和充分考虑钻井成本的前提下,分支井间距越大越好。     

多层非均质油藏双分支井产能影响因素分析

针对多层非均质油藏地层之间压力不平衡的特点,建立了多分支井半解析产能预测模型,分析了双分支井产能的影响因素。结果表明,由于分支之间存在干扰,分支夹角越小产能损失越大;两个分支所在地层的条件差别越大,产能高的分支越不易发挥最大潜力,从而影响总产量;井筒中摩擦压降和汇合点处的压力损失对分支井的产能的影响不大。因此,在设计双分支井时,应尽量增大分支之间的夹角,分支汇合点尽量远离油层;分支井的井底流压不大于任何一个分支处的地层压力;两个分支应尽量选取生产压差接近的油层,这样就可以使两个分支都能发挥产能潜力。     

基于电模拟实验的多分支井产能研究

基于水电相似原理,设计分支井的电模拟实验.研究了分支数目、分支角度、模型电阻、注入井位置等参数对分支井产能的影响和各个分支对油井产能的贡献度.结果表明:产能随着分支角度和分支数目的增加而增大,但增加趋势逐渐变缓.分支井的分支与水平段间存在干扰导致每个分支的产能贡献度有差别;注入井位置对油井产量影响很大,选择合适的注采井网对多分支水平井的生产至关重要.实验结果为优化分支井的形态和注采井网提供了依据.     

多层非均质油藏双分支井产能影响因素分析

针对多层非均质油藏地层之间压力不平衡的特点，建立了多分支井半解析产能预测模型，分析了双分支井产能的影响因素。结果表明，由于分支之间存在干扰，分支夹角越小产能损失越大；两个分支所在地层的条件差别越大，产能高的分支越不易发挥最大潜力，从而影响总产量；井筒中摩擦压降和汇合点处的压力损失对分支井的产能的影响不大。因此，在设计双分支井时，应尽量增大分支之间的夹角，分支汇合点尽量远离油层；分支井的井底流压不大于任何一个分支处的地层压力；两个分支应尽量选取生产压差接近的油层，这样就可以使两个分支都能发挥产能潜力。     

2维Lengyel-Epstein模型的分支结构

在2维空间中用局部分支方法讨论Lengyel-Epstein模型的分支问题。 首先证明局部分支解的存在性,其次在分支点附近确定分支方向。     

鱼骨刺井电模拟实验研究

由于复杂结构井的复杂性,目前,应用数学解析和数值模拟方法很难准确描述地下流体的渗流规律,为了更为直接的观察流体的流动情况、模拟各种复杂条件,论文对鱼骨刺井进行了一系列的水电模拟实验,更为全面的研究了分支对称性、分支角度、分支数、分支长度等井眼结构参数对产能的影响。通过实验研究,论文提出了最佳参数,并发现最佳分支数的确定与其分支长度有关。引入分支间干扰度概念,4分支不对称鱼骨刺井的分支间、分支与主井筒间的干扰度都要低于对称井的干扰度,但分支对称井和不对称井的分支与主井筒间的干扰度相差很小;随着分支角度的增加,分支间干扰度减小;分支数增加,分支间干扰度增大,分支与主井筒间干扰度减小。该成果对鱼骨刺井的地下流体的渗流规律具有一定的参考价值。     

煤层气多分支水平井分支间距优化研究

建立了非均质双孔介质煤层气储层多分支水平井开采的数学模型,模型中考虑了裂缝中气体的扩散和主支、分支井筒内压降的影响,分析了煤层气多分支水平井分支间距对产能的影响。研究表明：采用多分支水平井开采煤层气储藏时,给定井身结构条件下,存在最优分支间距,当分支间距小于最优分支间距时,实际控制面积小,峰值产气量和累计产气量小;当分支间距大于最优分支间距时,累计产气量降低,相同控制面积下采出程度降低;现场开采煤层气储层时,当最优分支间距较小时,相对而言实际控制区域内煤层气采出程度更高;本文计算条件下,煤层气多分支水平井最优分支间距为200-300m。     

Fitzhugh方程的Hopf分支解

本文给出Ｆｉｔｚｈｕｇｈ方程的分支参数、分支顺、分支方向及分支解的存在性、稳定性、初值和周期。     

多分支井结构优化研究

本文调阅了关于多分支井的产能预测与计算的文献,同时本实验针对多分支井的分支数目、位置与长度等结构设计实验、展开实验,得出了在实验压力的条件下,最佳泥砂比为1:5、水灰比0.51;得出产能最高的分支井结构特征,并最终得出成果。结论显示:随着分支距离油层中部越近,分支井的波及效率越高,分支井的总产能越大;随着分支数目的增加,产能减少,但产能减少的速度减缓,产能最终趋向于稳定;随着分支增长,分支井的产能随之增加,但产能增速减缓。     

广义 Davey-Stewartson 的精确解

利用动力系统分支方法研究广义Davey-Stewartson方程的精确行波解,给出了分支相图和分支分析,根据分支分析求出该方程的几组解.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.