钢-钢接触的扭动微动磨损氧化行为研究

在空气、氧气和氮气气氛中,研究了LZ50车轴钢在法向载荷为50 N和不同角位移幅值下的扭动微动运行行为,并重点分析了其摩擦磨损特性和氧化作用机理.结果表明,当气氛中含氧量增加时,混合区和滑移区向小角位移幅值方向移动,摩擦扭矩随循环周次的变化曲线分别为跑合、上升和稳定阶段,当气氛中含氧量增加时,上升阶段缩短,稳定阶段提前,摩擦扭矩值则越低.在部分滑移区,损伤比较轻微,在混合区和滑移区,扭动微动磨损机制为磨粒磨损和剥层,并伴随明显的塑性变形.摩擦氧化在扭动微动接触界面不仅增加了界面滑移,而且产生的氧化磨屑不易排出接触区,因此有利于减少磨损.     

Inconel600合金高温微动磨损特性

采用SRV-Ⅳ高精度微动磨损试验机研究核电材料Inconel600合金的高温微动磨损行为和机制.温度升高有利于黏着区的形成,抑制微滑区的产生,促使摩擦系数和磨损量逐渐减小.摩擦氧化主要发生在环状滑动区,中心黏着区相对很少.高温下氧元素分布较室温下的更加聚集.中心黏着区表面氧含量较低,表层大量存在Ni、Cr和Fe的单质.磨痕表面氧化物由NiO、Cr2O3和Fe3O4组成.室温和高温条件下磨痕表面中心黏着区和环状滑动区交界处产生了微裂纹,高温下裂纹萌生在微滑区,与室温下相比,高温下裂纹萌生的数量更少,长度更短.     

油、水介质对GCr15钢微动磨损特性的影响

采用PLINT高精度液压伺服式微动磨损试验机,在法向载荷100N、频率2Hz、位移幅值1 5～60μm,以及大气、纯净水和液压油3种不同介质条件下,对GCr15钢进行了微动磨损试验.动力学分析结合光学显微镜和激光共焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)的微观观察结果显示:流体介质对微动运行区域有轻微改变;液压油和纯净水介质明显降低了微动摩擦因数、磨痕深度和磨斑尺寸,表现出明显的润滑作用,而液压油的润滑效果明显优于纯净水 微观分析表明,3种介质条件下的微动磨损是磨粒磨损和剥层机制共同作用的结果.     

重载顶推装备滑动副的摩擦磨损机理

为了研究重载顶推装备滑动副的摩擦磨损性能,提出一种可以模拟重载顶推装备顶推过程的试验台,研究以聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）/二硫化钼（MoS2）复合材料和0Cr18Ni9不锈钢组成的滑动副在不同载荷且无润滑工况下,摩擦因数变化趋势并揭示摩擦副的磨损机理。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）对滑动副磨损后的表面微观形貌和化学成分进行分析。研究结果表明：随着滑动次数的增加,滑动副摩擦因数呈先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。重载下滑动副摩擦因数初始值高于轻载下摩擦因数,但最终稳定值低于轻载下摩擦因数。轻载下主要磨损机制表现为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;而重载下主要磨损机制表现为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损。     

温度对10CrMn2NiSiCuAl极地破冰船用钢板干摩擦行为的影响

采用Bruker UMT-3Tribolab摩擦磨损仪测试了与宝山钢铁股份有限公司共同开发的破冰船用低温钢板10CrMn2NiSiCuAl在不同环境温度下的摩擦磨损性能,利用轮廓扫描仪和扫描电子显微镜表征了磨痕及磨屑的表面形貌,采用电子能谱(EDS)以及X射线衍射谱(XRD)分析了磨屑表面的化学元素及成分,进而推断其磨损机制。结果表明:环境温度对摩擦磨损的性能有显著影响,当环境温度为20℃时,摩擦磨损形式以疲劳失效、氧化磨损和黏着磨损为主,磨痕表面的过渡层能够降低摩擦系数,减少磨损量,表面磨损产物主要为Fe_2O_3和Fe_3O_4;随着环境温度降低至-20℃,磨损机制转变为微切削作用下的磨粒磨损和塑性变形,磨痕表面出现犁沟形貌,磨损产物主要为Fe元素,磨屑的长宽比减小,出现球形磨屑,磨损量急剧增加。     

NC30 Fe合金在氯化钠溶液中的微动腐蚀特性

在PLINT微动磨损试验机上附加电化学测试系统,采用十字交叉接触方式,位移幅值为100μm,法向载荷20、50和80 N条件下,研究NC30Fe合金传热管在氯化钠溶液中的微动腐蚀行为。使用电化学工作站记录微动腐蚀过程中开路电位变化,运用电位扫描法测量微动过程的极化曲线;采用扫描电子显微镜观察磨痕的表面形貌,光学轮廓仪测定磨痕的三维形貌及磨损量。微动磨损使损伤区域金属原子活性增大,腐蚀倾向增大,加速了NC30Fe合金的腐蚀。在氯化钠溶液中,NC30Fe合金由于微动磨损过程产生腐蚀产物膜起到润滑减摩作用,摩擦系数较纯水中降低;但因腐蚀与磨损的交互作用,在氯化钠溶液中的磨损量比纯水中高。氯化钠溶液中的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和剥层的共同作用。     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层高温摩擦-磨损性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂法在H13钢表面制备WC-12Co涂层,通过扫描显微镜、X线衍射仪和能谱仪分析其表面-界面形貌、物相和化学元素组成。利用球/平面接触方式进行涂层高温磨损试验,通过扫描电镜和能谱仪分析磨痕形貌和化学元素的变化,讨论高温对涂层摩擦因数和磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明:涂层界面致密,与基材紧密结合;在600,700和800℃时涂层平均摩擦因数分别为0.395 5,0.327 1和0.266 4;600℃时涂层以黏着磨损为主,700℃时涂层以氧化磨损为主,并伴有磨粒磨损,800℃时涂层以严重的氧化磨损为主。     

纯钛在蒸馏水和Saline溶液中的微动腐蚀行为

采用液压高精度微动试验机研究了球／平面接触纯钛摩擦副在蒸馏水和Saline溶液介质中的微动腐蚀特性,在动力学特性分析的基础上,用激光共焦扫描显微镜（LCSM）观察了磨痕表面形貌并测量了磨损体积。结果表明：蒸馏水和Saline溶液降低了摩擦系数,改变了微动运行区域;干态下的体积磨损量最小,3种介质中的摩擦系数与磨损体积均随位移的增大而增大,微动磨损机制主要表现为粘着与剥落;水基介质中,磨损与腐蚀的交互作用显著加速了钛的材料流失。     

完全滑移区690TT合金管微动磨损特性研究

针对蒸汽发生器中传热管与防振条的微动磨损行为，采用自主设计的微动磨损实验装置开展了690TT合金管与304不锈钢板的切向微动磨损实验，研究了循环周次对磨损量和磨损机制的影响．结果表明：由于初始氧化膜的存在，摩擦系数经历了跑合、上升、下降和稳定阶段，稳定摩擦系数约为0.78.Ft-D曲线形状随着循环周次增加由扁平状逐渐加宽趋近于菱形，稳定后保持为平行四边形，随着循环周次继续增加，由于磨痕边缘处磨屑堆积增多，致使最大位移处存在局部较高的Ft值，但微动运行始终处于完全滑移区．磨损量与循环周次表现出明显的正相关，随着循环周次增加磨损体积首先保持平稳增长，N=8×10~4之后增长明显，8×10~4至1×10~5周次循环磨损体积增大了将近1倍．N=2×10~4时主要磨损机制为磨料磨损和剥层，N=4×10~4至N=8×10~4磨料磨损迹象减弱，磨损机制主要为剥层，N=1×10~5时磨损机制为磨料磨损和剥层的混合且犁沟尺寸较大．磨痕亚表层显微硬度随循环周次增加而增大，N=1×105对应的磨痕亚表层硬度约为基体的1.5倍，加工硬化显著．经过1×10~5周次循环在磨痕亚表面形成了约6μm厚的摩擦磨损结构转...     

碳化钨涂层高温摩擦磨损行为

采用爆炸喷涂技术制备了碳化钨涂层,利用HT-1000高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了碳化钨涂层高温下摩擦磨损性能,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析了涂层磨损表面形貌、元素分布和相结构.结果表明:碳化钨涂层由雪花片状颗粒堆叠而成,如山地状,结合紧密.定温条件下,摩擦因数随着试验温度升高而减小,试验温度为550℃时,摩擦因数最小;磨损量随着温度升高而增大,550℃时,磨损量由于配副材料的转移出现了负增加.温度低于350℃时,磨损表面具有撕裂、轻微黏着和磨粒磨损痕迹;在550℃时,磨损表面发生了剥落、严重黏着和氧化磨损.连续升温条件下,温度低于300℃时,摩擦因数较小,在350~550℃范围内,摩擦因数波动较大;磨损表面以剥层、黏着和氧化磨损为主.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the