川西地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组砂岩地球化学特征及构造意义

沉积盆地中砂岩的地球化学成分主要受物源区控制,因此通过对砂岩化学成分的分析可以揭示盆地沉积物的源区构造背景及物源属性。为了深入探讨川西坳陷中侏罗统沙溪庙组的物源及其源区属性,对研究区的稀土元素、微量元素地球化学特征进行系统的分析。应用稀土元素La/Yb-∑REE、微量元素La/Th-Hf和La/Sc-Co/Th源岩属性判断图解以及微量元素构造背景判别图解,对研究区物源及其源区属性进行了深入的讨论。结果表明:根据研究区上、下沙溪庙组地球化学特征,认为上、下沙溪庙组具有相同的物源;通过对稀土元素及微量元素特征值及比值的分析,认为该地区属于构造背景主要为大陆岛弧向活动大陆边缘转换的构造背景;沉积物物源的原始物质应主要来自上地壳,部分来自混合长英质/基性源;结合研究区周缘山系的属性分析,认为研究区在中侏罗世沙溪庙期同时受到了米仓山-大巴山及龙门山的物源的影响。     

淮河上游桐柏县卢庄SWD粒度端元分析

通过沿着淮河上游详细的野外调查,在桐柏县卢庄村附近淮河北岸发现了全新世黄土-古土壤剖面夹有古洪水滞流沉积层.对剖面进行详细观察和分层采样,在实验室内进行粒度分析.对所获得的分析数据,应用端元分析模型分离出4个端元,以识别沉积动力环境,鉴别特大洪水事件的沉积学记录.不同的地层单元具有不同的端元组合特征,各个端元皆能够很好地指示沉积动力环境和物源特征.其中端元1可能指示了沉积物在沉积后受到次生风化作用强度特征;端元2可能指示了生物成壤过程和农业耕作活动等对沉积物的后期影响;端元3可能代表了沉积过程中受到风成动力作用的特征;端元4比较明确地指示了特定物源条件下流水动力环境.将端元分析与野外沉积学宏观特征相结合,在此全新世地层剖面鉴别出6次特大古洪水事件.通过沉积物粒度端元分析,表明该模型在鉴别沉积动力环境和物源特征方面具有很好的作用,对于从河谷黄土古土壤剖面鉴别古洪水滞流沉积物具有很好的效果.     

东营凹陷下第三系湖相密集段特征

依据层序地层学原理，研究了陆相断陷湖盆自身沉积发育特点，应用沉积学、有机地球化学、石油地质学等理论，综合分析研究了济阳坳陷东营凹陷下第三系密集段的特征．在东营凹陷中，识别出的４种密集段内部结构，反映了不同的物源供应和水动力条件．密集段在岩性、电性、古生物及地球化学特征上均与其上下地层有很大差异．由于密集段的特殊性，它对地层对比、生油岩评价和层序解释均有重要的意义     

巢湖东部第四纪红土微量元素地球化学特征及物源初探

在野外地质地貌考察与采样的基础上,利用X射线荧光光谱分析对巢湖东部第四纪红土的微量元素含量进行测定,结合微量元素富集指数和因子分析方法,并将巢湖东部第四纪红土与长江河漫滩沉积物、西北黄土沉积物和上陆壳的相应微量元素通过判别函数和物源指数相比较,初步探讨了巢湖东部第四纪红土的微量元素地球化学特征及其物源。结果表明:(1)微量元素变化率△值显示,微量元素Sr的△0且|△|10%,表明其相对Ti发生了少量的迁移,微量元素Ni、Mo、Ga、Zn、V、Cu、Ba、Co、Cr、Pb、Th和Nb的△值 0,表明这些元素相对Ti在化学风化过程中发生了富集;(2)巢湖东部第四纪红土、长江河漫滩沉积物和西北黄土沉积物的各微量元素与上陆壳(UCC)微量元素平均值的对比发现,巢湖东部第四纪红土与西北黄土沉积物的微量元素相似度较高,而长江河漫滩沉积物显示了Pb、Zn、Cu和V的富集,与上述两者不同;(3)将三地的判别函数FD值和物源指数IP进行分析,巢湖东部红土IP黄土为0. 395(0. 5),而IP长江河漫滩为0. 605( 0. 5),表明巢湖东部第四纪红土的元素组成更接近于西北黄土沉积物,而不同于长江河漫滩沉积物,主要物源十分类似于西北黄土,而异于长江河漫滩沉积物。     

民勤绿洲沙源分析

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠和民勤绿洲地表沙样的微量元素测定,用标准化方法建立三源混合模型示踪民勤地表流动沙丘物源．结果表明,民勤南、北2区流动沙丘具有多源特征,混合物源为7：2：1时（巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠与乌兰布和沙漠的比值）,与民勤南部的标准化模型相对一致;混合物源为5：4：1时与民勤北部标准化模型相对一致,微量元素示踪风成沉积物虽然有一定缺陷,但仍然不失为一种较理想的示踪手段．     

东濮凹陷西部斜坡带油藏地球化学特征

对东濮凹陷西部斜坡带油藏地球化学开展了研究,根据原油的物性、族组成特征,将该区原油分为三类,并对每类原油的地球化学特征进行了阐述.对该区储层抽提物地球化学特征研究表明,其与原油地球化学特征具有极大的相似性.通过原油的油源对比,探讨了该区油气纵、横向分布,运移成藏及源岩分布特征.     

珠江口盆地构造演化及对沉积环境的控制作用

通过对珠江口盆地沉积物地球化学成分分析表明,大洋钻探计划(ODP)1184站所揭示的主要构造沉积地层界线在珠江口盆地中亦同样存在,其元素在32,23.9,16Ma存在明显的突变,界线十分明显;这些陆源沉积物成分的变化是构造运动造成源区发生改变的直接证据.化学蚀变指数显示珠江口盆地在32,23.9,16Ma时期存在物理风化增强而化学风化减弱的突变事件,指示了由于构造运动造成母岩短时期内强烈快速的剥蚀作用,从而引起沉积物化学蚀变指数突然降低.根据元素相关性分析显示,ODP1148站沉积物与珠江口盆地沉积物亲缘关系密切,两者具有相同的物源.     

九龙江河口表层沉积物元素特征及地球化学意义

通过对九龙江口表层沉积物进行元素分析,研究了其主元素的组合特征,同时运用元素的相关分析和因子分析,探讨了其地球化学意义.元素相关分析表明,九龙江口表层沉积物常、微量元素相关性明显,表层沉积物成分以SiO2和Al2O3为主,最高值分别可达75.36%和24.27%;其中SiO2与大部分的常、微量元素呈负相关,而Fe2O3、MgO、K2O、MnO、Cu、Co、Ni与Al2O3之间呈强正相关.因子分析表明,研究区内的表层沉积物物质来源主要有陆源和生物源,但以陆源物质为主.     

宜昌地区第四纪沉积物重矿物特征及其与三峡贯通的关系

水系的变化导致物源区的变化,反映在相关沉积盆地中表现为沉积物中矿物组合的改变,以及特征矿物的出现.通过对三峡出口处宜昌地区第四纪沉积物中重矿物特征的研究,结合区域地质资料、野外沉积特征研究和样品EsR测年资料,认为0.73 Ma以前的冲积扇一扇三角洲沉积中重矿物特征明显不同于之后的阶地沉积及现代河床沉积物.这种重矿物组合的不同反映了0.7 Ma前后物源区的改变,同时也指示长江三峡贯通的时间.     

四川峨眉山地区白垩系物源

在对四川峨眉山地区白垩系夹关组、灌口组进行野外剖面研究和薄片鉴定的基础上,对岩石的地球化学特征进行分析,探讨峨眉山地区白垩系沉积时期的主要物源区。研究发现:岩石颗粒的磨圆度和分选性反映出近源沉积的特征;碎屑成分特征表明其主要来源于含有较多中酸性岩浆岩的源区;地球化学特征表明物源区是以长英质岩石为主的大陆岛弧构造背景。结合前人对四川盆地白垩纪古地形特征的研究成果,认为夹关组和灌口组沉积时期峨眉山地区的主要物源区为龙门山构造带。     

远源地下水入侵阿拉善高原沙漠:酸溶物Sr同位素证据

选取北方西－东向气候剖面上物质组成相似的四个沙漠（塔克拉玛干、巴丹吉林、腾格里和毛乌素）,测定其地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值、Ca2+和Sr2+浓度。Ca2+和Sr2+浓度相关性极好,在降雨量低的塔克拉玛干沙漠中最高,向东逐渐降低,在降雨量多的毛乌素沙漠中最低。降雨量是控制阳离子浓度变化的主导因素。酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在四个沙漠中有不同于阳离子变化的区域特征。塔克拉玛干沙漠酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在0.71以下,巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠的大于0.7112,而毛乌素沙漠的在0.71-0.7112之间变化。塔克拉玛干和毛乌素沙漠地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值仅受气候变化的制约。巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠除了受气候因素影响外还受其它因素的制约,最可能的就是远源地下水。经计算,远源地下水对巴丹吉林沙漠的影响份额为47%,对腾格里沙漠为44%,接近气候因素的影响。     

Landscape evolution and palaeoclimate in the deserts of northwestern China, with a special reference to Badain Jaran and Taklamakan

A comparative study of geomorphologic landscapes in the Badain Jaran Desert and Taklamakan Desert was made on the basis of field investigations, thermolumi-niscence and radiocarbon dating as well as analysis of sand grain texture. The sand seas of the Badain Jaran Desert differ greatly from that of the Taklamakan Desert in terms of dune morphology, interdune relief, dune stratigraphy and sand sources. The thermoluminiscence ages of the dunes suggest that the basic configuration of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert has not changed at least since Middle Holocene. There were periods of more humid environment during the last glaciation and Holocene in both deserts, but events of higher precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert were more frequent than in the Taklamakan. In both desert areas, aeolian processes have been intensified during the last 2000 a.     

Observation of mega-dune evaporation after various rain events in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert, China

The formation mechanisms of the mega-dunes and lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert,China,is the focus of extensive academic research in the field of geoscience,and an often debated topic is whether atmospheric precipitation on the mega-dune can infiltrate to recharge groundwater.In the present study,the probability distribution functions and the return period analysis of extreme daily precipitation based on long-term precipitation records for the southern margin of Badain Jaran Desert and 2-year observation of hinterland precipitation were used to classify precipitation in the desert region.The data of automatic weather station and eddy covariance system in the desert hinterland were used to analyze evaporation on the mega-dune surface after various rain events.The results showed that the rain events in the desert could be divided into three categories.The first is conventional precipitation(CP),which is below 5 mm,accounting for roughly 90%of all rain events in the desert.The second and third categories are ordinary annual maximum(OAM)and extreme precipitation(EP),in which precipitation is roughly 20 mm and more than 40 mm,respectively.The atmospheric precipitation of CP and OAM evaporated from the megadune surface in 1–3 days and 3–4 weeks,respectively.Following an EP event,the mega-dune evaporation was negatively influenced by the upper dry sand layer,and a lengthy period was required for its complete removal.The accumulative evaporation and accumulative precipitation of all three types of rain events indicated that local atmospheric precipitation had no significant contribution to recharging the groundwater system in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.This research will benefit comprehensive elucidation of the formation mechanism of lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.     

AMT法勘查额济纳盆地与巴丹吉林沙漠接触关系

 查明额济纳盆地东部与巴丹吉林沙漠之间的接触关系,有助于分析额济纳盆地地下水水位下降、生态环境恶化的原因。通过当地地质资料和物探方法的对比分析,选择合理有效的音频大地电磁法（AMT）物探手段,在该区域进行了原始创新性的勘查工作。勘查结果认为额济纳盆地上升、巴丹吉林沙漠下降,两侧地层岩性厚度变化较大,推断额济纳盆地与巴丹吉林沙漠为张性断层接触。研究可为分析两者之间地下水转化关系和额济纳盆地地下水水位下降原因、探讨盆地与沙漠区地下水形成机制提供依据,对恢复治理额济纳盆地生态环境具有一定帮助。     

Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia

Field observations demonstrate that calc-sinters occurred in the lakes of Badain Jaran Desert. 87Sr/86Sr ratios,14C,δ 13C and mineral com-positions of calc-sinters,and 3He/4He,4He/20Ne,δ 18O,δ D,pH and TDS of water from springs and lakes are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the lake water is supplied through deep fault zone. The “ker-nel” of stabilized dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert perhaps consists of calc-sinters and calcareous ce-mentation layers. Deep-seated groundwater effuses from this “kernel” and recharges to lakes in desert. Precipitation and snowmelt water from the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau is fed into the Badain Jaran Desert,Gurinai,Wentougaole and Ejinqi areas through the Xigaze-Langshan Fault zone. The isotopic composi-tions of groundwater in the Alax Plateau are abnor-mal due to the strong evaporation of the Gyaring and Ngoring lake water in the headstream of the Yellow River. Groundwater dissolves dissoluble fractions of rocks during its transportation through the fault zone and flows out of the mouth of spring in the Badan Jaran Desert. The dissoluble fractions are finally de-veloped into calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers around the spring. Calci-sinters are gradually largened and eventually emerge on the surface of lake water. Eolian sands accumulate on the surfaces of calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers,and eventually develop into dunes. Invasion of magma causes an increase in the temperature of groundwater within the faults. Groundwater evapora-tion provides water vapor for the formation of humid stabilized dunes during its upwelling. Rhizoconcre-tions found in Yihejigede indicate that the dune was formed and remained immovable 4700 years ago. The height of the megadunes is proportional to thermal quantity carried by the groundwater.     

巴丹吉林沙漠更新世古风向变化及环境意义

古大气环流研究旨在揭示高大沙山形成发育过程中地表风系的变化和大气环流形式。通过对巴丹吉林沙漠的沙山形态、沙山地层测年、古沙丘层理结构以及区域风况等的综合研究 ,表明末次间冰期以前该区主要受西风环流控制 ,地表盛行风向为西风 ,次为西北风 ,河湖水系较发育 ;末次冰期以来该区主要受东亚季风环流影响 ,地表盛行风向为西北风 ,次为西风 ,风沙活动居主导地位。古风向变化可能是青藏高原隆升对西风环流的阻挡与对东亚季风环流强化的具体表现     

Landscape evolution and precipitation changes in the Badain Jaran Desert during the last 30 000 years

On the basis of field expeditions into different parts of the Badain Jaran Desert, new evidence of landscape evolution and precipitation changes during the last 30 000 years has been found from the geomorphological, sedimentological and geochronological studies of the megadune. Different cemented surfaces of palaeo-dunes have been observed in many localities, which are representatives of relatively moister environment. The chronological data show that four periods of more humid environment occurred in the past 30 000 years. The stabilization of dunes in a large scale and the existence of many palaeo-lakes and lacustrine terraces confirm the periodic fluctuations of climate. It implies that the intensity of westerlies and Eastasian monsoons varied in the region of Alashan, and the periods of higher precipitation took place even in the times close to the last glacial maximum.     

基于遥感的长时间序列下巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊演化分裂特征分析

巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊已存在达千年尺度,其地表残留的湖泊演化分裂特征可部分反映地下水变化规律。以往研究多依赖水化学特征的解释,本次基于国产高分卫星数据,从遥感的角度对巴丹吉林沙漠内124个古湖的演化分裂特征进行提取。研究区湖泊水体分裂特征模拟结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊在长时间尺度下的演变分裂特征明显、分类聚合形式显著,宏观上各演化分裂特征区间由东南向西北展布,但与研究区地形变化趋势不完全相同,二者在局部存在显著差异。     

Hydrochemical characteristics and recharge sources of Lake Nuoertu in the Badain Jaran Desert

We present a case study of physical and chemical indicators and isotope characteristics of Lake Nuoertu,one of the largest and deepest lakes of the Badain Jaran Desert.We analyze the concentrations of eight ions,total dissolved solids,and stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater,as well as radioactive isotope tritium concentration in groundwater.The results show that annual and seasonal variations of the physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Nuoertu water are significantly greater than those of groundwater.The lake is uniformly mixed in the horizontal and vertical directions,and the hydrochemical types of the lake at different depths are consistent for Na–Cl–CO3–(SO4).Stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater at Nuoertu is distributed along the local evaporation line(EL)slope,which is less than the slope of the global meteoric water line.The comparatively small slope shows the characteristic strong evaporation in the study area.Lake water isotopes are mostly in the upper right corner of the EL,whereas groundwater is mostly in the lower left corner.The main recharge source of Nuoertu lake water is groundwater,in combination with lake water and groundwater level change.The age of tufa springs around Nuoertu is about75–80 a,which shows that the initial recharge source of the lake is a mix between modern and 1952 or older;however,further research is required.     

利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料——硅酸盐工业和沙漠治理可持续发展的新方向

 为揭示利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料的优势和重要性，以内蒙古西部库布齐、乌兰布和、腾格里和巴丹吉林4大沙漠为例，通过实地考察并在沙漠边缘取样，研究了该沙漠砂的理化性质。总结了国内外沙漠砂材料的研究和应用现状，分析了利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料的社会效益和经济效益，指出了其发展前景和面临的主要问题。