部分热回收风冷热泵冷热水机组性能实验研究

以一台额定制冷(热)量为45 k W的部分热回收风冷热泵机组为平台,研究和分析了样机在名义制冷、名义制热工况,在保持使用侧和热回收侧水流量不变条件下,开启热回收功能后得到出水温度为45℃和50℃热水时样机的运行参数和性能变化规律。结果表明,在名义制冷工况45℃和50℃热水出水温度时,样机制冷性能系数(COP)比无热回收分别变化-10.55%~1.09%和3.64%~12.73%,热回收综合制冷COP分别达到3.38~3.69和2.98~3.15,出水温度由45℃升高到50℃且分别采用单双风机冷凝时,样机制冷COP下降2.44%~4.68%;在名义制热工况热水45℃和50℃出水温度时,样机制热COP比无热回收降低10.96%~21.58%,50℃出水时制热COP比45℃出水时升高4.42%,热回收综合制热COP分别达到了3.28和3.09。     

回收利用冷凝热的恒温恒湿型空调机试验研究

对采用电加热、并联式及串联式回收冷凝热3种再热方式的恒温恒湿空调机组运行特性进行试验研究,分析讨论了设定不同温、湿度值对3种再热方式控制精度的影响,对3种再热方式的功耗进行了对比分析.试验分析表明:电加热是温、湿度控制精度最高、耗能最高的一种再热方式;与采用冷凝热回收系统相比,采用电加热方式的恒温、恒湿空调机组能耗降低30%左右,是一种节能的再热方式,并联式系统的功耗略低于串联式系统;当并联式冷凝热回收系统设定的温度为18～28℃、相对湿度在45%～70%的范围内时,温度和相对湿度的控制精度可以达到士1.0℃和±8%;对于串联式系统,当设定温度低于18℃时,系统控制存在盲点,但当设定温度升高至23℃后,机组控制精度明显提高,控制精度高于并联式系统.     

一种新型余热回收高温热泵机组的性能研究

对一种新型的余热回收高温热泵机组进行了性能实验研究.机组主要由1台双螺杆制冷压缩机、1台冷凝器和蒸发器以及1个油冷却器组成.重点研究了喷油温度对高温热泵机组性能的影响,并拟合了排气温度随喷油温度变化的线性关系式.实验结果表明,这种新型的高温热泵机组能够达到稳定的出水温度85℃,可以在较宽的高温工况范围内运行,性能系数较高.研究表明,喷油温度和喷油量的选取是改进高温热泵机组性能的主要方法;在冷凝温度高于70℃运行时,最佳的油冷却温度应控制在45～65℃之间,机组能效比最大可提高6.3%.     

水源热泵应用低温地热的节能效果分析

水源热泵是商业，公用建筑供暖空调的一种有效装置。ＷＬＨＰ系统通过热回收和热平衡取得节能效果。ＷＬＨＰ系统的水源的温度一般控制在１６℃－３２℃之间，空调工况下，热泵的排热通过冷却塔散热控制水源温度不超过３２℃。供暖工况时，热泵的吸热通过加热器控制水源温度不低于１６℃。同时供冷供暖是ＷＬＨＰ系统独特的运行模式。     

余热驱动冷管组合式吸附空调的制冷特性

以小型运输车船驾驶室空调为应用背景,设计并建造了余热驱动的冷管型组合式吸附空调系统.针对单台组合式吸附空调器进行了一系列的性能试验.研究分析了组合式吸附空调器在不同热源温度、环境温度、冷媒配风量和循环周期下的制冷特性.结果显示,在一定的范围内热源温度、冷媒配风量的提高,有利于整个空调系统性能的提高;环境温度的升高使空调系统的性能有所下降;而循环周期有一个最优范围.试验证明,对于该冷管型组合式吸附空调系统,其循环半周期选定在30 min左右是较合理的.     

废热回收型纯电动汽车热泵系统试验研究

针对纯电动汽车设计了一套带有废热回收的热泵空调系统,采用2个分回路吸收电池和电机产生的废热,分析了电池和电机废热量产生规律以及对废热回收系统进行了整车试验.结果表明:纯电动汽车在车速变化时,电池散热量迅速增加,即废热增加;当废热回收热泵系统在2℃的工况下运行时,换热量最大可增加至3 797 W,能效比范围为1.82～2.43,增加的废热能满足制热要求;当温度降到-7℃时,换热量最大可增至2 407 W,能效比范围为1.56～2.63,回风温度可达13.2℃,但仍需提供额外热源才能满足制热要求.     

住宅辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统 负荷比的多目标优化

为实现辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统负荷比的多目标优化,引入了BES-CFD耦合仿真方法,以长沙市某应用辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统的住宅房间为研究案例,同时研究了不同的送风温差和不同负荷比下的系统能耗及室内热环境,从节能、热舒适和运行安全性的角度,分析了最佳负荷比范围. 结果表明：考虑系统节能性时,不同送风温差的最佳负荷比范围分别为：46%~85%（4 ℃）、16%~85%（6 ℃）、3%~85%（8 ℃）,且送风温差较大时更节能. 从热舒适角度分析,最佳负荷比范围分别为：20%~72%（4 ℃）、16%~59%（6 ℃）、3%~50%（8 ℃）,较小的送风温差具有更大的负荷比调节区间. 各工况下顶板与地板壁面温度均高于近壁面空气露点温度,无结露风险. 综合考虑节能性、舒适性及安全性的最优负荷比宜取：46%~72%（4 ℃）、16%~59%（6 ℃）、3%~50%（8 ℃）.     

列车提速对空调机组性能的影响

随着列车运行速度的不断提高,列车车体表面空气流场发生变化,从而改变了列车空调机组的运行工况,使得列车空调机组的性能受到影响.利用FLUENT软件对不同工况下高速列车外部流场进行数值模拟,得出高速列车表面气流压力场分布及其表面具体位置的压力值,进而分析了列车提速对空调机组冷凝风压、冷凝风量、冷凝温度及制冷系数等性能的影响.研究结果为高速列车空调机组的优化设计提供了一定的理论依据.     

空调卧室空气环境的数值模拟

用CFD方法模拟了空调卧室内制冷制热运行时3种不同的住宅空调模式(包括普通窗式空调器、分体机及具有引入新风的热回收装置的窗式空调器)分别位于高位置和低位置时室内空气温度及流速、有机污染物(甲醛)浓度及CO2的分布,并进行比较.结果表明,空调器的类型、位置及新风量对空气环境影响较大.夏季制冷运行时,带热回收装置的窗式空调器置于低位置时可以获得良好的室内流场分布,稀释和携带走室内的CO2和污染物;而该装置置于高处时,流场结构不合理;其它空调模式下由于没有引入新风,产生室内污染物堆积.冬季制热运行与夏季制冷运行时的结论相同.     

热泵型空调机组室外机速度场的实验研究

采用热线风速仪对热泵型空调室外机组空气入口侧的空：气流场进行了测量,结果表明：室外机的风速分布是不均匀的,风速的最大值和最小值相差约4倍．风速不均匀造成了室外机换热效率的降低．计算表明2排管型空调室外机组的性能优于3排管型的．室外机的风量增多23．1％,制冷工况运行时,冷凝温度降低10．1℃,空调机组的性能系数COP升高26．7％;供热工况运行时,蒸发温度升高5．4℃,供热系数升高15．1％,且减小了结霜的可能,     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.