可达阵功能的不可替代性

可达阵有2个重要性质:(i)Q矩阵中的列均可由可达阵的列线性表示;(ii)在0-1评分、属性之间作用不可相互补偿条件下,若可达阵(或者其列的置换)是测验Q矩阵的子矩阵,则任何2个不同的属性掌握模式(知识状态)对应的理想反应模式仍然不同.在Q矩阵当中,是否有其他的K阶子矩阵,具有其中1个或者2个性质?这对于认知诊断测验蓝图设计和计算机自适应诊断测验(CD-CAT)的选题策略的制定非常重要.但是,十分遗憾,可以证明这2个性质都不可以由其他Q矩阵代替.在一定条件下必要Q矩阵才能够表示知识结构,才能够提高认知诊断测验的构念效度.     

计算机化自适应诊断测验新的选题策略

提出了一种既能满足属性平衡又能有效处理相似属性模式的新方法——改进的极大化整体判别认知诊断模型信息量指标法(MGCDI).对无结构型的属性,讨论定长CD-CAT的选题策略.研究结果表明,使用相同选题策略选题时,先选择可达矩阵的所有列对应的项目比不使用这些项目的诊断准确率高.     

影响AHM与DINA诊断准确率的因素研究

对属性层级模型(AHM)和确定性输入、噪声"与"门模型(DINA)2个认知诊断模型,讨论不同因素对判准率的影响.实验表明,含有可达阵的测验比不含可达阵的测验判准率高.对于线型结构测验长度达到一定值以后,增加测验长度对诊断准确率的改进不大.虽然总体而言,DINA分类准确性要优于AHM,属性结构紧密度越大,判准率越高;但是AHM估计结果符合属性层级结构,而DINA估计结果却可能违背属性层级关系,这和2011年De Carlo的发现不相同.     

基于KL信息矩阵的动态加权选题策略

在Henson和Douglas提出的KL信息矩阵(用D矩阵表示)基础上,借鉴后验加权的思想,将原始KL信息矩阵修正为后验加权KL矩阵,并基于认知诊断中项目区分度的计算方式,提出2种新的CD-CAT选题策略:DPWKL1和DPWKL2方法,在不同测验长度、不同诊断模型以及不同属性相关程度下,与传统PWKL方法进行了比较研究.模拟研究表明,不论实验条件如何变化,DPWKL1和DPWKL2方法的属性判准率及模式判准率均要优于PWKL方法.     

项目属性标错时可达阵补救作用的研究

以Q矩阵理论为基础,从分析专家给测验项目标定属性时可能出现的差错入手,设计不同的测验Q矩阵和模拟实验,分析比较在不同情况下的模式判准率,考察可达阵对测验Q矩阵标定出现差错时的补救作用。     

基于BP神经网络的认知诊断 计算机化自适应测验实现

根据现有的研究使用神经网络进行认知诊断的方法,改变神经网络的建模方式,实现基于神经网络的认知诊断计算机化自适应测验.使用Monte Carlo方法生成模拟数据,训练并测试神经网络,在此基础上将神经网络用于自适应测试中,知识状态估计采用极大似然估计,选题策略采用后验加权的KL信息量指标.模拟结果表明,基于BP神经网络的CD-CAT的判准率较为理想,并且因为神经网络的训练过程可以在小样本情况下实现,这种CD-CAT更适合在课堂评估中使用.     

0-1和多值可达矩阵的性质及应用

讨论0-1可达阵的基本性质及其在认知诊断中的重要作用,证明可达阵导出的学生Q阵在先决关系下构成1个格,给出了多值可达阵的计算方法和基于多值可达阵的扩张算法,还给出已知属性最高水平下多值可达阵和0-1可达阵相互转换的膨胀和压缩算法,发现多值可达阵实质上是0-1可达阵的压缩形式,并讨论多值可达阵的性质及其在认知诊断中的应用.     

认知诊断CAT中选题策略的改进

计算机化自适应测验(CAT)的选题策略是影响测量准确性的主要因素之一.针对认知诊断CAT初期知识状态估计不准确的问题,改进后验加权Kullback-Leibler信息量,得到了2种平均后验加权Kullback-Leibler信息量选题指标.然后运用DINA(the deterministic inputs,noisy"and"gate)模型模拟作答反应,在不同测验长度下比较了6种选题策略的优劣.结果表明,新指标能极大地提高测量准确度,当测验长度为15时,知识状态的判准率提高了10%以上;除随机方法外,其他方法的项目曝光率没有明显差异.     

认知诊断自适应测验选题策略探新

提出了一种新的认知诊断自适应测验选题策略和题库按项目所包含的属性模式分层方法.与传统方法相比,该方法不仅提高了测量精度而且可以提升选题速度.     

基于可达阵的补偿模型Q矩阵标定方法

Q矩阵标定是认知诊断评估中研究的热点问题,Q矩阵的好坏决定了认知诊断评估的准确性.根据确定性输入噪声"与"门模型(DINA)中可达阵R与简化Q矩阵存在布尔"与"的关系,提出基于确定性输入噪声"或"门模型(DINO)的可达阵R与简化Q矩阵在列向量上存在布尔"或"的关系,并由此推导出基于可达阵的补偿模型Q矩阵标定方法.实验结果表明:当可达阵失误与猜测小于0.20且待标定项目参数小于0.25时,该方法所得Q矩阵元素返真率达到90%以上,且在可达阵失误与猜测参数均小于0.25时真实Q矩阵与估计Q矩阵之间的差异较小.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-