A possible important CO2 sink by the global water cycle

The locations, magnitudes, variations and mechanisms responsible for the global CO2 sink are uncertain and under debate. Here, we show, based on theoretical calculations and evidences from field monitoring results, that there is a possible important CO2 sink （as DIC-dissolved inorganic carbon） by the global water cycle. The sink constitutes up to 0.8013 Pg C/a （or 10.1% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emission, or 28.6% of the missing CO2 sink）, and is formed by the CO2 absorption of water and subsequent enhanced consumption by carbonate dissolution and aquatic plant photosynthesis. Of the sink, 0.5188 Pg C/a goes to sea via precipitation over sea （0.2748 Pg C/a） and continental rivers （0.244 Pg C/a）, 0.158 Pg C/a is released to the atmosphere again, and 0.1245 Pg C/a is stored in the continental aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, the net sink could be 0.6433 Pg C/a. This sink may increase with the global-warming-intensified global water cycle, the increase in CO2 and carbonate dust in atmosphere, and reforestation/afforestation, the latter increasing soil CO2, and thus the concentration of the DIC in water.     

Calcium carbonate pump during Quaternary glacial cycles in the South China Sea

The preservation and dissolution of calcium carbonate (namely calcium carbonate pump) controls the pH of seawater in global oceans by its buffer effect, and in turn plays a significant role in global changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results from measured carbonate contents over the past 2 Ma at ODP Site 1143 in the South China Sea provide high-resolution records to explore the process of the calcium carbonate pump during Quaternary glacial cycles. The results indicate statistically that the highest carbonate accumulation rate leads the lightest δ^18O by about 3.6ka at transitions from glacials to interglacials, and that the strongest carbonate dissolution lags the lightest δ^18O by about 5.6 ka at transitions from interglacials to glacials. The calcium carbonate pump releases CO2 to the at mosphere atthe glacial-interglacial transitions, but transports atmospheric CO2 to deep sea at the interglacial-glacial transitions.The adjustable function of the calcium carbonate pump for the deep-sea CO3^2- concentration directly controls parts of global changes in atmospheric CO2, and contributes the global carbon cycle system during the Quaternary.     

硅酸盐岩风化碳汇与我国热带季风区花岗岩流域碳循环*

为探讨岩石风化碳汇在环境变化过程中的作用,阐明硅酸盐岩风化作为地质时间尺度净碳汇在全球碳循环过程中的重要意义。综述了岩石化学风化与环境变化之间的关系,总结了岩石风化领域的研究进展,重点论述了有关玄武岩和花岗岩地区碳汇速率的研究成果。结果表明,学者对玄武岩流域的研究开展较早,涉及玄武岩台地、火山岛屿及大陆边缘火山带等代表区域,但由于其在陆壳硅酸盐岩面积比例较低,当综合评价全球硅酸盐岩的碳汇能力时,花岗岩地区更具代表性。有关花岗岩地区的研究集中在北美洲和欧洲地区,学者对亚洲季风区,尤其是热带季风地区关注较少。事实上,热带地区花岗岩风化速率为10.05~44.3 t·km~(-2)·y~(-1),平均碳汇能力达5.25×10~5mol·km~(-2)·y~(-1),与国内外已有成果相比,中国热带季风区花岗岩正经历快速风化和较高的CO_2吸收通量,加上区域内特殊的河流碳输送规律,该区域在全球碳循环研究中意义重大。然而,目前中国花岗岩流域碳循环研究主要在温带及亚热带地区展开,无疑,对于中国热带季风区花岗岩流域碳循环的研究应是学者未来关注的重点。     

Multimodel projections and uncertainties of net ecosystem production in China over the twenty-first century

Ecosystems in China have been absorbing anthropogenic CO2 over the last three decades. Here, we assess future carbon uptake in China using models from phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project under four socio-economic scenarios. The average of China＇s carbon sink from 2006 to 2100 represented by multimodel mean net ecosystem production （NEP） is projected to increase （relative to averaged NEP from 1976 to 2005） in the range of 0.137 and 0.891 PgC a^-1 across different scenarios. Increases in NEP are driven by increases in net primary production exceeding increases in heterotrophic respiration, and future carbon sink is mainly attributed to areas located in eastern China. However, there exists a considerable model spread in the magnitude of carbon sink and model spread tends to be larger when future climate change becomes more intense. The model spread may result from intermodel discrepancy in the magnitude of CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis, soil carbon turnover time, presence of carbon-nitrogen cycle and interpretation of land-use changes. For better quantifying future carbon cycle, a research priority toward improving model representation of these processes is recommended.     

Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons

The organic matter found in sedimentary rocks must derive from many sources; not only from ancient primary producers but also from consumers and secondary producers. In all of these organisms, isotope effects can affect the abundance and distribution of 13C in metabolites. Here, by using an improved form of a previously described technique in which the effluent of a gas chromatograph is continuously analysed isotopically, we report evidence of the diverse origins of sedimentary organic matter. The record of 13C abundances in sedimentary carbonate and total organic carbon can be interpreted in terms of variations in the global carbon cycle. Our results demonstrate, however, that isotope variations within sedimentary organic mixtures substantially exceed those observed between samples of total organic carbon. Resolution of isotope variations at the molecular level offers a new and convenient means of refining views both of localized palaeoenvironments and of control mechanisms within the global carbon cycle.     

气候驱动的中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展

近年来,碳循环问题日益成为全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,其中,陆地生态系统碳循环又是全球碳循环中最复杂、受人类活动影响最大的部分.本文主要对气候驱动的中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展做了综述,介绍了陆地生态系统中植被和土壤两个主要碳库以及陆地生态系统碳循环的基本过程,总结了陆地碳汇的形成机制、研究进展及气候变化对碳失汇的影响,提出了对陆地生态系统碳循环的研究应采用多尺度的研究方法,并简要叙述了中国陆地生态系统碳循环的研究展望.     

大洋缺氧事件的碳稳定同位素响应

从碳稳定同位素组成及其分馏机理出发 ,系统探讨了大洋缺氧事件与海相碳酸盐和有机碳稳定同位素分馏之间的关系。缺氧事件期间 ,由于生物大批死亡和快速埋藏 ,其分解消耗海水中大量的溶解氧 ,引起大洋水体缺氧 ,富含 1 2 C的有机质从而得以大量保存 ;相应地大气和海水中富 1 3 C,同期海相碳酸盐岩碳同位素 δ值 (δ1 3C)正偏。在世界各地缺氧事件层内 ,无一例外地碳酸盐岩碳稳定同位素出现了不同程度的正偏 ,Cenomanian- Turonian 界线偏幅达～2‰。海相碳酸盐与有机质碳稳定同位素变化不仅可以提供地质历史中有机碳埋藏量的记录。研究全球碳循环变化 ,还可能追溯有机碳风化和埋藏速率的变化 ,定性地恢复大气 p CO2 变化。     

Glacial--interglacial stability of ocean pH inferred from foraminifer dissolution rates

The pH of the ocean is controlled by the chemistry of calcium carbonate. This system in turn plays a large role in regulating the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere on timescales of thousands of years and longer. Reconstructions of ocean pH and carbonate-ion concentration are therefore needed to understand the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the pH of the whole ocean is thought to have been significantly more basic, as inferred from the isotopic composition of boron incorporated into calcium carbonate shells, which would partially explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentration at that time. Here we reconstruct carbonate-ion concentration--and hence pH--of the glacial oceans, using the extent of calcium carbonate dissolution observed in foraminifer faunal assemblages as compiled in the extensive global CLIMAP data set. We observe decreased carbonate-ion concentrations in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, by roughly 20 micromolkg-1, while little change occurred in the Indian and Pacific oceans relative to today. In the Pacific Ocean, a small (5 micromolkg-1) increase occurred below 3,000m. This rearrangement of ocean pH may be due to changing ocean circulation from glacial to present times, but overall we see no evidence for a shift in the whole-ocean pH as previously inferred from boron isotopes.     

用树轮碳同位素年序列重建大气二氧化碳浓度

大气圈ＣＯ２浓度及其同位素组成是不断变化的。植物在同化大气ＣＯ２过程中产生碳同位素分馏,因此,树轮中稳定碳同位素比值（＾１３Ｃ／＾１２Ｃ）不仅是重建古气候的工具,也是过去大气ＣＯ２浓度变化的敏感指标器。利用采自浙江西天目山的两株柳杉树轮稳定碳同位素（δ＾１３Ｃ）组成年序列,对１９世纪中叶以来大气ＣＯ２浓度变化进行重建,其重建值与大气ＣＯ２浓度的实测值较吻合。     

Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment

The oxidation of the Earth's crust and the increase in atmospheric oxygen early in Earth history have been linked to the accumulation of reduced carbon in sedimentary rocks. Trends in the carbon isotope composition of sedimentary organic carbon and carbonate show that during the Proterozoic aeon (2.5-0.54 Gyr ago) the organic carbon reservoir grew in size, relative to the carbonate reservoir. This increase, and the concomitant release of oxidizing power in the environment, occurred mostly during episodes of global rifting and orogeny.     

Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink

The evolution of the Earth's climate over the twenty-first century depends on the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are removed from the atmosphere by the ocean and land carbon cycles. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that global warming will act to limit the land-carbon sink, but these first generation models neglected the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry. Emissions associated with fossil fuel and biomass burning have acted to approximately double the global mean tropospheric ozone concentration, and further increases are expected over the twenty-first century. Tropospheric ozone is known to damage plants, reducing plant primary productivity and crop yields, yet increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to stimulate plant primary productivity. Increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels can both lead to stomatal closure, which reduces the uptake of either gas, and in turn limits the damaging effect of ozone and the carbon dioxide fertilization of photosynthesis. Here we estimate the impact of projected changes in ozone levels on the land-carbon sink, using a global land carbon cycle model modified to include the effect of ozone deposition on photosynthesis and to account for interactions between ozone and carbon dioxide through stomatal closure. For a range of sensitivity parameters based on manipulative field experiments, we find a significant suppression of the global land-carbon sink as increases in ozone concentrations affect plant productivity. In consequence, more carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. We suggest that the resulting indirect radiative forcing by ozone effects on plants could contribute more to global warming than the direct radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone increases.     

Interannual variability in the oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO2 driven by El Niño

The stable isotope ratios of atmospheric CO(2) ((18)O/(16)O and (13)C/(12)C) have been monitored since 1977 to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle, because biosphere-atmosphere exchange fluxes affect the different atomic masses in a measurable way. Interpreting the (18)O/(16)O variability has proved difficult, however, because oxygen isotopes in CO(2) are influenced by both the carbon cycle and the water cycle. Previous attention focused on the decreasing (18)O/(16)O ratio in the 1990s, observed by the global Cooperative Air Sampling Network of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory. This decrease was attributed variously to a number of processes including an increase in Northern Hemisphere soil respiration; a global increase in C(4) crops at the expense of C(3) forests; and environmental conditions, such as atmospheric turbulence and solar radiation, that affect CO(2) exchange between leaves and the atmosphere. Here we present 30 years' worth of data on (18)O/(16)O in CO(2) from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography global flask network and show that the interannual variability is strongly related to the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation. We suggest that the redistribution of moisture and rainfall in the tropics during an El Ni?o increases the (18)O/(16)O ratio of precipitation and plant water, and that this signal is then passed on to atmospheric CO(2) by biosphere-atmosphere gas exchange. We show how the decay time of the El Ni?o anomaly in this data set can be useful in constraining global gross primary production. Our analysis shows a rapid recovery from El Ni?o events, implying a shorter cycling time of CO(2) with respect to the terrestrial biosphere and oceans than previously estimated. Our analysis suggests that current estimates of global gross primary production, of 120 petagrams of carbon per year, may be too low, and that a best guess of 150-175 petagrams of carbon per year better reflects the observed rapid cycling of CO(2). Although still tentative, such a revision would present a new benchmark by which to evaluate global biospheric carbon cycling models.     

Immature crude oils in the salt lake depositional environment are related to organic matter precipitated at stage of carbonate in salt lake sedimentation sequences

The present paper studies the mineralogy and geochemistry of a geological section in Jianghan basin. Widely distributed immature oils in this basin have been shown to relate to the carbonate depositional stage of salt lake sedimentation cycle. It is concluded that only when the content of organic carbon in the rocks is taken into account, is it meaningful to calculate the immature oil in the source rocks.     

Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years

One of the greatest sources of uncertainty for future climate predictions is the response of the global carbon cycle to climate change. Although approximately one-half of total CO(2) emissions is at present taken up by combined land and ocean carbon reservoirs, models predict a decline in future carbon uptake by these reservoirs, resulting in a positive carbon-climate feedback. Several recent studies suggest that rates of carbon uptake by the land and ocean have remained constant or declined in recent decades. Other work, however, has called into question the reported decline. Here we use global-scale atmospheric CO(2) measurements, CO(2) emission inventories and their full range of uncertainties to calculate changes in global CO(2) sources and sinks during the past 50 years. Our mass balance analysis shows that net global carbon uptake has increased significantly by about 0.05 billion tonnes of carbon per year and that global carbon uptake doubled, from 2.4?±?0.8 to 5.0?±?0.9 billion tonnes per year, between 1960 and 2010. Therefore, it is very unlikely that both land and ocean carbon sinks have decreased on a global scale. Since 1959, approximately 350 billion tonnes of carbon have been emitted by humans to the atmosphere, of which about 55 per cent has moved into the land and oceans. Thus, identifying the mechanisms and locations responsible for increasing global carbon uptake remains a critical challenge in constraining the modern global carbon budget and predicting future carbon-climate interactions.     

塔里木盆地火成岩对碳酸盐岩储层的改造作用

塔里木盆地形成与演化过程中出现过多期的岩浆侵入与喷发活动,形成了多种类型的火成岩体.岩浆活动形成的火成岩带来了地壳深部的热液流体,其中富含二氧化碳、硫化氢、硫、及少量一氧化碳、氢、HCl、NH3、NH4Cl、HF等的酸性流体对上部碳酸盐岩储层产生了多种多样的改造作用,包括大理岩化作用、萤石化作用、热液白云岩化作用、热液溶蚀作用等.多种改造作用的结果,使得原本致密的碳酸盐岩储层,形成了大量各种类型的孔洞,孔隙度大大增加,储集性能得到改善.勘探过程中,火成岩的出现可以预示附近地区良好储层的发育,为勘探油气起到了示踪作用.     

Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification

About one-third of the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity has been absorbed by the oceans, where it partitions into the constituent ions of carbonic acid. This leads to ocean acidification, one of the major threats to marine ecosystems and particularly to calcifying organisms such as corals, foraminifera and coccolithophores. Coccolithophores are abundant phytoplankton that are responsible for a large part of modern oceanic carbonate production. Culture experiments investigating the physiological response of coccolithophore calcification to increased CO(2) have yielded contradictory results between and even within species. Here we quantified the calcite mass of dominant coccolithophores in the present ocean and over the past forty thousand years, and found a marked pattern of decreasing calcification with increasing partial pressure of CO(2) and concomitant decreasing concentrations of CO(3)(2-). Our analyses revealed that differentially calcified species and morphotypes are distributed in the ocean according to carbonate chemistry. A substantial impact on the marine carbon cycle might be expected upon extrapolation of this correlation to predicted ocean acidification in the future. However, our discovery of a heavily calcified Emiliania huxleyi morphotype in modern waters with low pH highlights the complexity of assemblage-level responses to environmental forcing factors.     

桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环研究

本文系统总结了桂林毛村地下河观测站在岩溶关键带垂向上碳循环的监测工作,为基地进入岩溶关键带监测网络奠定基础。对岩溶植被层-土壤层-岩石层-地下水无缝连续体的碳循环监测,包括不同地质背景下典型植被的光合速率、自然植被下凋落物的分解(植被层)、不同土地利用方式下土壤碳库的组成及转化、土壤微生物及有机酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀(土壤层)、洞穴CO2浓度及同位素的变化(气体-岩石作用层)、流域水体无机碳特征、外源水对岩溶碳汇过程的促进(地下水层)等方面。经过长期的科研积累,形成一套包括岩溶生物地球化学、岩溶水文过程、同位素示踪技术等在内的野外及室内研究方法,为流域尺度岩溶关键带碳循环的研究提供了技术支持和理论基础。但岩溶关键带碳循环过程中的生物作用及现代CO2在岩溶关键带中的周转时间研究较少,亟待加强。桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环的研究具有地域优势和学术优势,适合成为我国岩溶关键带监测站。     

Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean

The oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere since pre-industrial times, causing a measurable reduction in seawater pH and carbonate saturation. If CO2 emissions continue to rise at current rates, upper-ocean pH will decrease to levels lower than have existed for tens of millions of years and, critically, at a rate of change 100 times greater than at any time over this period. Recent studies have shown effects of ocean acidification on a variety of marine life forms, in particular calcifying organisms. Consequences at the community to ecosystem level, in contrast, are largely unknown. Here we show that dissolved inorganic carbon consumption of a natural plankton community maintained in mesocosm enclosures at initial CO2 partial pressures of 350, 700 and 1,050 microatm increases with rising CO2. The community consumed up to 39% more dissolved inorganic carbon at increased CO2 partial pressures compared to present levels, whereas nutrient uptake remained the same. The stoichiometry of carbon to nitrogen drawdown increased from 6.0 at low CO2 to 8.0 at high CO2, thus exceeding the Redfield carbon:nitrogen ratio of 6.6 in today's ocean. This excess carbon consumption was associated with higher loss of organic carbon from the upper layer of the stratified mesocosms. If applicable to the natural environment, the observed responses have implications for a variety of marine biological and biogeochemical processes, and underscore the importance of biologically driven feedbacks in the ocean to global change.     

Isotopic evolution of the terminal Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian carbon cycle on the northern Yangtze Platform, South China

Profound geotectonic, climatic and biological changes occur during the terminal Neoproterozoic and its transition into the early Cambrian. These are reflected in temporal variations of the chemical and isotopic composition of seawater. We are studying a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Shatan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Sichuan Province of China. This succession comprises, in ascending stratigraphic order, predominantly calcareous sediments of the Sinian upper Dengying Formation and black shales of the lower Cambrian Guojiaba Formation (time equivalent of Niutitang Fm.). Paleoenvironmental setting represents shallow-water shelf deposits. The objective of our study is to provide temporal records for the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon throughout this time interval. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between -35.8‰ and -30.1‰ with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between -3.5‰ and +0.5‰. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the global carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon. However, local conditions have further affected the isotopic signals.     

全球气候变化中的滩涂湿地土壤有机碳研究

湿地生态系统的碳循环正在成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点。湿地在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地上重要的有机碳库;土壤碳密度高;能够相对长期地储存碳,湿地是多种温室气体的源和汇。全球沿海湿地的分布面积大约为20．3万km^2,碳的积累速度为C（210±20）g／m^2·年,要远远高于泥炭湿地;并且沿海湿地大量存在的SO。。离子阻碍了甲烷的产生量,从而降低了甲烷的排放量。高的碳积累速率和低的甲烷排放量使沿海湿地对大气温室效应的抑制作用更加明显。盐城沿海滩涂芦苇沼泽地虽已列入世界重点湿地名录,但其有机碳循环及其分布特点尚未有资料报道。通过研究沿海滩涂湿地土壤有机碳储存变化及其空间分布规律,从微团聚体水平的有机碳转化与结合机制上研究土壤对有机碳的固定机制,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,为评价和保护湿地生态系统提供依据具有重要的科学意义。