海水入侵对澳门供水中三卤甲烷形成的影响

以澳门江水为对象,探讨了旱季由于海水入侵引起的饮用水源中溴离子浓度升高对氯化消毒过程中三卤甲烷形成规律的影响.结果表明,海水入侵造成水源水中盐度和溴离子浓度升高,使处理后水三卤甲烷生成势,溴代三卤甲烷浓度及三卤甲烷致癌风险均有所升高.此外,烧杯搅拌试验结果表明,传统给水处理工艺对水中有机物及由其引起的三卤甲烷生成势及三卤甲烷致癌风险没有有效的去除效能.     

离子色谱法检测饮用水中卤乙酸

<正>卤乙酸是饮用水加氯消毒的副产物之一,在目前已知的500多种消毒副产物中,挥发性三卤甲烷含量最大,致癌性已被公认,其次是卤乙酸类,已知共有9种,约占挥发性三卤甲烷总浓度的50%,由于其具有潜在的致癌致畸变性,已经引起人们的高度关注[1],其中二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)具有较大的致癌风险,也是饮用水中卤乙酸的主要存在形式,已被证实二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸对动物具有明显致癌作用[2],因此国家已作了明确限量规定。目前卤乙酸的分析方法主要有GC分     

饮用水中三卤甲烷的测定及去除方法的研究

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对漳州市多个不同种类饮用水中的三卤甲烷进行测定,结果显示100%水样均检出不同含量的三卤甲烷,浓度符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),主要成分为三氯甲烷.同时对产生三卤甲烷的原因和家用有效去除三卤甲烷的方法进行了系统研究,以减轻其对人体的危害.     

贵州松桃矿区洞穴水重金属分布特征及污染评价

为了解松桃矿区洞穴水的重金属含量及污染状况,确保居民饮用洞穴水安全,本研究选取5个代表洞穴作为研究对象,分析检测不同水期洞穴水中9种重金属含量及分布特征,并采用内梅罗综合指数法和健康风险评价相结合的方法,对洞穴水进行重金属污染评估。结果表明,松桃矿区洞穴水重金属平均浓度为MnCrZnNiPbCuAsHgCd,未超过《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类标准。洞穴水中重金属浓度在枯水期最高。Spearman相关性分析表明,Cd-Cr、Cd-Pb、Cd-Zn、Cd-Ni、Cu-As、Cu-Zn、Pb-Zn、Ni-Zn、As-Zn几组元素间具有共同的物质来源或地球化学特性相近。内梅罗综合指数法研究结果表明,洞穴水处于清洁水平。健康风险评价表明,Cr所致健康风险超过英国皇家协会等最大可接受风险(1.0×10~(-6) a~(-1)),说明长期饮用不加处理的洞穴水会产生潜在致癌风险。健康总风险主要来自致癌重金属,其中,Cr的平均贡献率最大(86.77%),应作为优先管理的污染物。儿童受到的健康风险高于成人。综合来看,松桃矿区洞穴水目前适用作生活饮用水源,但如果长期饮用,会有致癌风险,建议饮用时加以处理,如采用净化器过滤后再饮用,儿童尽量不要直接饮用洞穴水。     

佛山市农村饮用水中重金属的健康风险评价

初步评价了佛山市农村生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害.按照美国国家环保署(USEPA)推荐的方法,建立了水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对佛山市A村的生活饮用水中砷(As)、铬(Cr6+)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)6种重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险评价,做出初步评价.结果表明,上述6种重金属的总的健康风险为7.39×10-5·a-1,其中致癌物健康风险为7.39×10-5·a-1,非致癌有毒化学物健康风险为2.19×10-10·a-1,其中,在致癌污染物中Cr6+是最主要的健康风险因素.水体中致癌重金属引起的健康风险的大小顺序为Cr6+AsCd,非致癌重金属引起的健康风险的大小顺序PbHgSe.结果显示致癌重金属的健康风险值是非致癌物质的105倍,说明致癌物质对人体的危害远大于非致癌物质.致癌物质Cd、As、Cr6+的健康风险平均值以Cr6+最大.     

液液萃取气相色谱法测定水中三卤甲烷研究

参照美国标准方法在国内建立了饮用水中氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷的液液萃取毛细管气相色谱测定方法，其检测限、加标回收率、精确度都达到美国标准方法的要求，好于国内顶空进样标准方法(GB5750-1985).并且以甲基叔丁基醚为萃取剂，改进了原方法的升温程序及用硫酸钠代替氯化钠，使测定方法具有准确性高、可靠、测定过程更简便等优点.     

自来水中挥发性污染物检测及健康风险评价的研究

水质安全是饮用水安全的重中之重,直接关系到人体健康。采用健康风险评价模式,对某市饮用水进行了分析和评价。研究结果表明,通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,四氯乙烯所引起的致癌风险最大(1.2×10-8),但远远低于美国环境保护署推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5)。根据美国环境保护署的推荐值,初步认为目前该市饮用水中挥发性有机污染物不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

辽宁省地下饮用水源水环境健康风险评价

目的研究辽宁省10个地下水源水环境健康风险,得出定量的健康风险指标,为地下水源风险管理提供依据.方法采用"水环境健康风险评价模型"对辽宁省10个主要地下饮用水源,2009—2012年的水环境健康进行风险评价,该模型将环境污染健康的风险评价模型与人体的健康结合至一起,再引入到饮用水环境中.结果饮用水源地中污染物总体所致健康风险的个人年风险在6.8×10~(-5)~1.3×10~(-4),水环境健康个人年风险基本符合美国环境保护署(EPA)的标准,但都超过其他组织和国家的标准.化学致癌物对人体健康危害在总体所致的健康危害中占据主体地位,远高于非化学致癌物的危害,其中主要的危险因子为六价铬和砷;对于非致癌有毒物质人年风险水平的顺序为:铅氟化物铜汞氰化物氨氮挥发酚.结论风险评价模型可计算每个指标对人体健康的影响,也能够决定优先治理的污染物,增强了保护饮用水安全的可能,为环境风险管理提供科学证据.     

离子色谱-安培检测法检测饮用水中氰化物的方法分析

利用离子色谱-安培检测器建立一种快速测定饮用水中痕量氰化物的方法.该方法最低检出限可达0.17μg/L(信噪比S/N=3),最低定量限为0.56μg/L(信噪比S/N=10),在0～150μg/L的浓度范围内线性良好,不易受饮用水中常规阴离子、硫化物及硫氰化物的影响,实际样品的测试结果与气相色谱国标法的检测结果相一致.实验表明,该方法重复性好,检测限低,精密度高,准确性高,重复性好,检测时不易受其他离子影响,适宜大批量、快速测定饮用水中的痕量氰化物含量.     

官厅水库水体多环芳烃残留特征及健康风险评价?

选用GC-MS分析官厅水库水体中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的残留情况,并探讨该区域水体PAHs残留特征及其可能的健康风险.研究结果表明,12种PAHs均有不同程度的检出,PAHs总质量浓度为66.20~368.35ng·L-1,与国内其他地区相比,残留水平较低.利用健康风险评价模型对水体中PAHs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,水体中的PAHs的非致癌风险在5.84×10-13~4.90×10-12a-1之间,致癌风险低于2.89×10-9a-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐水平,目前研究区水体中PAHs类污染物对人体产生的健康风险处于较低水平.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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