大气腐蚀在低合金钢显微组织中的发生与发展

采用光学金相技术结合交流阻抗测量,分析了三种低合金钢在模拟的沿海大气环境中的初期腐蚀行为.实验发现,显微组织直接决定钢的初期腐蚀行为并间接影响长期腐蚀行为.在腐蚀初期,铁素体钢中的大角晶界易于被择优腐蚀,而贝氏体内的小角晶界的择优腐蚀趋势较弱,铁素体+珠光体钢的择优腐蚀集中于珠光体及其边界.铁素体裸钢有较强的耐腐蚀性,但其锈层电阻随腐蚀时间增加产生的增量较小;贝氏体与铁素体+珠光体裸钢的耐腐蚀性较差,但其锈层电阻随腐蚀时间增加产生的增量较大,长期腐蚀性能更优.这些结果表明,在适当合金化后,贝氏体作为新型低成本高强度耐候钢的基本组织极具应用潜力.     

碳含量和组织类型对低合金钢耐蚀性的影响

研究了不同碳含量和显微组织的低合金钢的耐腐蚀性能和腐蚀行为,并与商业耐候钢09CuPCrNi进行了相应的比较.通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜观察,轧后水冷钢的主体组织为板条状贝氏体,轧后空冷钢为针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体、M/A小岛和少量渗碳体(珠光体)的混合物.用干湿循环加速腐蚀实验对耐蚀性测定结果表明:低碳钢(0.03%C)和轧后水冷的较高碳含量钢(0.1%C)的耐蚀性均明显优于09CuPCrNi;低碳含量钢的组织类型对其耐蚀性影响不大;较高碳含量情况下,单相贝氏体钢的耐蚀性优于由铁素体、渗碳体(珠光体)等构成的复相组织钢;轧后水冷时,不同碳含量的钢耐蚀性差别不大;轧后空冷时,低碳含量钢的耐蚀性优于较高碳含量钢.用扫描电镜对锈层进行观察,可以看出耐蚀性较好的样品在腐蚀后期形成了致密的内锈层.     

E690海洋平台用钢力学性能和海洋大气腐蚀行为

以传统的E36海洋平台钢为对比钢,研究三种E690海洋平台钢的组织和力学性能,以及模拟海洋大气环境下的腐蚀行为.通过失重法测得实验钢在不同腐蚀时间下的腐蚀速率,利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪观察并测定了锈层的形貌特征和相组成,采用电子背散射衍射技术对实验钢的晶界类型进行分析.结果表明:以贝氏体组织为特征的E690海洋平台钢具有优异的力学性能,-40℃的冲击值超过了200J;晶界类型主要为3°～15°的亚晶界和大于50°的大角度晶界;E690海洋平台钢周浸16 d后的锈层致密且腐蚀速率已趋于稳定,最低腐蚀速率为0.84 mm.a-1,远低于组织为铁素体+珠光体钢的1.4 mm.a-1,实验钢的锈层主要由Fe3O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH及γ-FeOOH四种晶态相和非晶无定形物组成.通过分析得出,热处理工艺和组织构成对材料的初期腐蚀行为有重要影响,而化学成分和锈层自身的致密性对材料后期腐蚀行为起决定作用.     

CuPCr钢显微组织对全浸海水腐蚀行为的影响

为考察CuPCr型耐海水腐蚀钢不同显微组织的腐蚀行为,采用热轧后不同冷却方式分别获得贝氏体和铁素体+珠光体组织,进行模拟海水腐蚀的全浸加速腐蚀实验,并利用失重法测量腐蚀速率,采用SEM,XRD和电化学方法评价钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:贝氏体组织能够在更短时间内形成比较致密的锈层,其耐蚀性能明显优于铁素体和珠光体组织.碳元素在贝氏体中的均匀分布减少了微电池数量,因而能够降低钢的腐蚀电流密度.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of F<Subscript>GBA</Subscript>/B<Subscript>G</Subscript> air cooling bainitic steels containing niobium

The effect of different Nb additions on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite (F_GBA) / granular bainite (B_G) air cooling bainitic steels was investigated. The results indicate that the tensile strength and yield strength increase by 157 and 97 MPa, respectively with the addition of 0.02wt% Nb. The steel acquires superior strength and toughness with the addition of 0.06wt% Nb. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the addition of Nb not only refines the size of granular bainite but also increases the volume fraction of granular bainite in F_GBA/B_G steels. The refinement effect of granular bainite is improved with the increase of Nb content.     

Grain refinement in the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone in low-carbon high-strength microalloyed steels

The microstructural features and grain refinement in the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone in low-carbon high-strength microalloyed steels were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattering diffraction. The coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone consists of predominantly bainite and a small proportion of acicular ferrite. Bainite packets are separated by high angle boundaries. Acicular ferrite laths or plates in the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone formed prior to bainite packets partition austenite grains into many smaller and separate areas, resulting in fine-grained mixed microstructures. Electron backscattering diffraction analysis indicates that the average crystallographic grain size of the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone reaches 6–9 μm, much smaller than that of austenite grains.     

Effect of the frequency of high-angle grain boundaries on the corrosion performance of 5wt%Cr steel in a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> aqueous environment

The corrosion behavior of 5wt%Cr steel tempered at different temperatures was investigated by immersion testing and electrochemical testing in a CO₂ aqueous environment. When the tempering temperature exceeded 500℃, the corrosion rate increased. The corrosion layers consisted of Cr-rich compounds, which affected the corrosion behaviors of the steels immersed in the corrosive solution. The results of electrochemical experiments demonstrated that 5wt%Cr steels with different microstructures exhibited pre-passivation characteristics that decreased their corrosion rate. Analysis by electron back-scattered diffraction showed that the frequency of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and the corrosion rate were well-correlated in specimens tempered at different temperatures. The corrosion rate increased with increasing HAGB frequency.     

预变形方式对微合金钢中贝氏体热稳定性的影响

采用光学金相、硬度测量结合透射电镜观察,研究了经过弯曲或扭转变形的含铌微合金钢在等温受热时的组织稳定性问题. 研究发现:弯曲与扭转变形都可以大幅度提高微合金钢的硬度;在随后的550℃等温受热过程中,弯曲变形区的硬度迅速下降,同时伴随贝氏体向平衡组织的演变;而扭转区在等温过程中的硬度始终高于未变形区,同时钢中贝氏体组织基本得以保持. 扭转应变量越大,硬化效果越强,并且在随后的等温受热过程中能保持这种硬度上的优势. 弯曲与扭转变形均导致贝氏体板条内位错密度显著增加. 弯曲变形区的位错分布不均匀,其中的低位错密度区易于在随后的等温受热过程中演变为平衡组织多边形铁素体的形核核心;而扭转变形区内位错分布均匀,并且在随后的等温受热过程中位错分布不发生显著改变. 这些结果表明,不同的冷变形方式对微合金钢中贝氏体热稳定性的影响存在显著差异.     

轧制工艺对CSP线热轧汽车用高强钢板组织特征的影响

研究了薄板坯连铸连轧(CSP)工艺生产高强度汽车用大梁板的工艺控制参数与力学性能和显微组织间的关系.根据柔性工艺控制的指导思想,在珠钢电炉CSP流程下实现了生产不同级别高强度钢板的柔性轧制工艺.利用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了其组织和强度差异产生的原因.研究表明,钢板最终组织为多边形铁素体和少量珠光体组成,平均铁索体晶粒尺寸约为3.7～5.6μm;当降低卷取温度,部分渗碳体已破碎成细小的碳化物粒子分布于铁素体基体上,钢板中有少量贝氏体出现.     

淬火介质对耐磨铸钢组织和性能的影响

分别研究了以水和机油作为淬火介质的42CrMo钢和双相耐磨钢淬火+回火后的显微组织和性能.确定了双相耐磨钢和42CrMo钢的最佳热处理工艺及性能.结果表明:双相耐磨钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织均为板条马氏体+针状贝氏体+碳化物;42CrMo钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织分别为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体和回火马氏体+铁素体+贝氏体.经过480h的低应力磨料磨损实验发现,水淬+280℃回火处理的42CrMo钢耐磨性能最好,其相对耐磨性可达高锰钢的1.558倍.     

微观组织对 X70管线钢浆料磨损特性的影响

利用湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验机对同成分不同组织的三种管线钢进行了浆料磨损实验，随后对磨损后的试样表面进行扫描电镜观察和三维白光干涉分析，研究组织类型影响耐磨性的原因及磨损的微观机理。结果表明：当磨损机理以微观犁沟和微观疲劳为主时，复相组织中共存的两相硬度差别越大，磨痕的微观变形越不易协调，磨损质量损失越明显；当整体力学性能接近时，粒状贝氏体+针状铁素体的复相组织最为耐磨，粒状贝氏体+多边形铁素体复相组织次之，板条贝氏体+多边形铁素体复相组织耐磨性最差。     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

放电等离子烧结Al20Cr20Fe25Ni25Mn10高熵合金的硬度和腐蚀性能研究

采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术在不同温度（800、900和200°C）下保温不同时间（4、8和12 min）合成了Al₂₀Cr₂₀Fe₂₅Ni₂₅Mn₁₀高熵合金（HEA）。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪（EDS）、维氏显微硬度计、极化曲线等对合金的微观结构、显微硬度和腐蚀进行了实验研究。X-射线衍射（XRD）表征了所制备合金的成分。EDS结果显示不论烧结参数如何变化,合金均由原始合金元素组成。XRD、EDS和扫描电子显微镜的结果说明所制备的合金具有球形微观结构,呈现出面心立方结构相,这是基于固溶机制形成的。这表明SPS合金具有HEAs的特征。在1000°C保温 12 min生产的合金显微硬度最高,为HV 447.97,热处理后其硬度降至HV 329.47。同一合金表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能。烧结温度升高,Al₂₀Cr₂₀Fe₂₅Ni₂₅Mn₁₀合金可具有更高的密度、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性。     

贝氏体耐磨钢的应用研究

贝氏体组织具有高的强韧性和耐磨性，是一种很好的抗磨材料组织结构．本文综述了贝氏体相变的最新研究进展．随着先进技术和先进仪器出现，人们对贝氏体相变与贝氏体组织基础理论的研究也不断深入，表现在对贝氏体微观超精细结构的认识，即在黑金属和有色金属合金的下贝体组织中发现了超亚单元．以往贝氏体钢中添加Mo，Ni等贵重合金元素以及等温淬火工艺，才使贝氏体钢用作抗磨材料成为可能，基于贝氏体相变机理研究的长足进步，先后开发出奥氏体一贝氏体双相钢、马氏体-贝氏体双相钢、共晶体增强奥氏体一贝氏体钢(ABEG钢)等新型贝氏体抗磨钢。     

低碳贝氏体钢在三种典型环境中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物

通过干湿循环加速腐蚀实验并结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和N2吸附等方法,研究了低碳贝氏体钢在用相应溶液模拟的三种大气环境(海洋、工业和海洋工业大气)中加速腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物特征.实验结果表明,低碳贝氏体钢在三种环境中的腐蚀速率均低于商业化耐候钢09CuPCrNi.低碳贝氏体钢在上述三种环境中的腐蚀速率也有较大差别,其在含有复合腐蚀因子(Cl-和SO32-)的环境中腐蚀最为严重,而在只含腐蚀因子SO32-的环境中腐蚀程度最轻.在不同环境中形成的腐蚀产物相组成差别很小,但锈层致密程度相差较大,并且锈层越致密,对应的钢腐蚀速率越低.在三种环境中的腐蚀对钢的拉伸力学性能的影响较小,说明没有产生严重的局部腐蚀.     

Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete

Dual-phase (DP) steels with different martensite contents were obtained by appropriate heat treatment of an SAE1010 structural carbon steel, which was cheap and widely used in the construction industry. The corrosion behavior of DP steels in concrete was investigated under various tempering conditions. Intercritical annealing heat treatment was applied to the reinforcing steel to obtain DP steels with different contents of martensite. These DP steels were tempered at 200, 300, and 400℃ for 45 min and then cooled to room temperature. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of DP steels embedded in concrete was measured every day for a period of 30 d based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of these steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. It was observed that the amount of second phase had a definite effect on the corrosion behavior of the DP steel embedded in concrete. As a result of this study, it is found that the corrosion rate of the DP steel increases with an increase in the amount of martensite.     

热处理制度对7039铝合金抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用拉伸力学性能测试、金相显微观察、扫描电镜及透射电镜等分析手段,研究不同热处理制度下7039铝合金的力学性能及其在腐蚀液中浸泡后的腐蚀形貌.结合不同热处理制度后合金的腐蚀形貌与晶界析出相形貌,建立该系列合金晶界析出相形貌与腐蚀形貌的关系的示意模型.结果表明:在保持与T6处理的合金强度相当的基础上,经RRA处理可使抗腐蚀性能明显提高;在腐蚀液中浸泡腐蚀后,T6和RRA处理的合金表面呈成块状剥落腐蚀的现象,T73处理的合金呈点状腐蚀现象;T6处理后合金的纵向和横向最大腐蚀深度分别为378.53μm和31.91μm;T73处理的合金纵向和横向腐蚀深度分别为19.21 μm和8.07 μm:RRA处理的合金纵向和横向腐蚀深度分别为178.15 μm和15.38 μm.     

Effect of microstructure on the low temperature toughness of high strength pipeline steels

Microstructure observations and drop-weight tear test were performed to study the microstructures and mechanical properties of two kinds of industrial X70 and two kinds of industrial X80 grade pipeline steels. The effective grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries in the pipeline steels were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It is found that the low temperature toughness of the pipeline steels depends not only on the effective grain size, but also on other microstructural factors such as martensite-austenite (MA) constituents and precipitates. The morphology and size of MA constituents significantly affect the mechanical properties of the pipeline steels. Nubby MA constituents with large size have significant negative effects on the toughness, while smaller granular MA constituents have less harmful effects. Similarly, larger Ti-rich nitrides with sharp corners have a strongly negative effect on the toughness, while fine, spherical Nb-rich carbides have a less deleterious effect. The low temperature toughness of the steels is independent of the fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

低碳钢在湿热工业海洋大气中的腐蚀特征

以0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl+0.01 mol·L-1 NaHSO3溶液为腐蚀介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀实验、腐蚀失重、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,研究了湿热工业海洋大气中低碳钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:实验钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数d=Atn分布规律,钢种不同,常系数A、n的值不同;腐蚀产物主要由非晶物质和少量Fe3 O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成.所得锈层可分为主体锈层和界面疏松带两部分,由内至外锈层中Fe、O含量梯度变化很小.Cl-、SO2与水分的长期协同作用会导致内锈层结构变差,而添加稳定性或耐蚀性较高的元素可以改善锈层质量,进而增强钢材的耐腐蚀性能.     

冷却速度对5Ni钢组织和相变温度的影响

应用Formastor-FⅡ相变膨胀仪测定并研究了5Ni钢的静态CCT曲线,测定了相变临界点Ac1与Ac3,为制定热处理工艺提供依据.通过万能硬度计及OM,SEM和EPMA分析了冷却速度对5Ni钢硬度、显微组织及微观成分偏析的影响.结果表明:随着冷却速度的增大,试样显微组织由多边形铁素体和珠光体变成贝氏体和马氏体.从CCT曲线上可以看出,淬火热处理时为了避免铁素体和贝氏体相变,临界冷却速度要大于20℃/s;在不同冷速下,Ni元素都存在偏析,这有助于回火时产生逆转奥氏体,进而改善5Ni钢的韧性.