一种提高低渗透非均质多层油藏水驱储量动用程度的有效方法

提高低渗透非均质多层油藏水驱储量动用程度是高效开发此类油藏的主要措施方向.基于此类油藏存在启动压力梯度,每一层都有一极限注采井距的情况,充分考虑多层低渗油藏的纵向非均质性,建立了多层低渗油藏水驱储量动用程度计算模型,分析了影响纵向非均质多层低渗油藏水驱储量动用程度的因素,指出缩小井距和增大注采压差是提高其水驱储量动用程度的有效方法.方法简便、实用、易操作.     

低渗油藏CO2驱井网优化调整及开发效果影响因素

CO2驱、水平井开发技术对于低渗油藏有着较好提高采收率的作用,但是对于非均质性较强的低渗油藏,水驱开发后存在动用程度低的问题,因此有必要研究低渗油藏后期注采方式及注采井网的调整优化和开发效果的影响因素。首先依据目标油藏建立非均质概念地质模型,建立了一个上下分别为低渗和高渗储层油藏模型,采用油藏数值模拟方法对油藏进行了模拟计算。在油藏模型进行一段时间水驱后,加密调整井网采用水平井注CO2进行二次水气同驱的开发模式。对比不同加密井网模式的采出程度和地层压力,得到最优的加密井网模式进行二次优化开发。然后基于以上得到的最优井网优化调整模型,研究了井排距、储层渗透率和注CO2压力对该调整井网模式开发效果的影响。油藏数值模拟计算表明：加密水平井采油优于加密直井采油;加密水平井注气可以适当缩短排距,使CO2的驱替更充分,当井距/排距为0.4时,采出程度最大;在不同储层渗透率条件下,在其他生产条件一致的情况下,加密水平井井网时,可以将水平井沿水平渗透率较小方向安置;适当增大注气井注入压力可以有效地提高采收率恢复地层能量。本文研究成果对该类非均质低渗油藏的开发具有较好的借鉴意义。     

反九点菱形注采井网的边角关系

鄂尔多斯盆地油藏属低渗透油藏,在长6特低渗致密岩性油藏中,注水开发时的孔隙结构和裂缝方向直接影响水驱油效果及注水开发的最终采收率。研究表明,拉长主裂缝方向上注水井到采油井的距离,缩短非主裂缝方向注水井到采油井的距离,可以提高注水开发效果,反九点菱形井网比反九点正方形井网最终采收率可提高3个百分点。     

非均质复杂断块油藏沉积微相研究及应用

桥口油田位于东濮凹陷的中部,属典型的非均质复杂断块油藏,由于油藏主力高渗层见效水淹,低渗层水驱动用难度大,使得综合含水急剧上升,年产油量大幅度减少.根据沉积微相与储层岩性、物性及与剩余油分布关系的研究,采取开发对策,对有利的河道微相带(T)部署调整井挖掘水动力滞流区剩余油.对储层物性较差的河间砂及远砂微相带(Q,Y)剩余油相对富集的部分干层、未解层、油水层重新认识,从中优选后进行挖潜.对微相过渡带,引入"隔相注水"模式,提高了低渗层水驱动用程度,减缓油田自然递减.开发实践证实:以沉积微相研究为基础,对非均质油藏实施分微相带系统开发,可以较好改善油藏开发效果;沉积微相研究是挖掘非均质复杂断块油藏层间潜力,实现开发层系由高渗层向低渗层转移的一种有效途径.     

非均质复杂断块油藏沉积微相研究及应用

桥口油田位于东濮凹陷的中部，属典型的非均质复杂断块油藏，由于油藏主力高渗层见效水淹，低渗层水驱动用难度大，使得综合含水急剧上升，年产油量大幅度减少．根据沉积微相与储层岩性、物性及与剩余油分布关系的研究，采取开发对策，对有利的河道微相带(T)部署调整井挖掘水动力滞流区剩余油．对储层物性较差的河间砂及远砂微相带(Q，Y)剩余油相对富集的部分干层、未解层、油水层重新认识，从中优选后进行挖潜．对微相过渡带，引入“隔相注水”模式，提高了低渗层水驱动用程度，减缓油田自然递减．开发实践证实：以沉积微相研究为基础，对非均质油藏实施分微相带系统开发，可以较好改善油藏开发效果；沉积微相研究是挖掘非均质复杂断块油藏层间潜力，实现开发层系由高渗层向低渗层转移的一种有效途径。     

纵向非均质油藏水驱油实验研究

针对纵向非均质油藏普遍存在层间矛盾突出、水驱采收率低、低渗储层难以动用的特点,纵向非均质严重影响了油藏的高效开发问题,开展了多层长岩芯水驱油实验。实验采用最新研制的带多测压点的多层长岩芯驱替模型,该模型可以记录沿程压力变化,更加准确地反映水驱动态。研究结果表明：不同的注水方式对中低渗层的采出程度影响很大;提高注入速度可以提高不同渗透层的压力,且渗透率越低压力提高幅度越大;层间干扰严重,不同工作制度下低渗层压力变化很大。该研究成果对于选择合理的开发层系组合、采取适当的注水方式具有指导意义,为今后非均质油藏高效开发提供了试验依据。     

非均质油藏微球乳液调驱物理模拟实验研究

为了评价JYC聚合物微球乳液调驱技术在非均质油藏中的适应性,通过室内物理模拟实验,测定了纳米级JYC微球乳液在非均质物理模型中分流量的变化规律;通过并联模拟岩心驱油实验,分析了不同浓度和注入量的微球乳液提高采收率效果,优化注入段塞.实验结果表明:新型微球乳液性能稳定且注入性良好;能够有效改善注入水在非均质储层中的分流量,扩大波及体积,启动低渗层原油,且能提高水驱后高渗层的驱油效率;适宜注入质量浓度为2 000 mg/L,注入量大小和储层非均质性密切相关.该调驱技术能够有效改善非均质油藏开发效果,进一步提高原油采收率.     

低渗油藏中高含水期改善注水效果研究与实践

针对埋藏深、平面纵向非均质性强的低渗特低渗油藏,提出应用不稳定注水和超前注水理论,解决受低渗储层特征影响采液、采油指数低,注水中后期单向指进、含水上升快等开发矛盾,通过精细地质研究,储层特征再认识,对生产操作参数进行优化设计,现场应用改善水驱效果取得成功,对类似油藏高效开发具有借鉴和指导意义。     

特低渗透纵向非均质油藏周期注水研究新方法

 大庆外围某特低渗油藏不仅储层薄,渗透率特低,而且纵向上非均质性较强,水驱开发过程中层间矛盾严重,明确注水方式对特低渗透纵向非均质油藏的影响对于解决层间矛盾十分必要.建立了基于该区块地质特征的纵向正韵律非均质地质模型,采用5点井网进行数值模拟计算,考虑流体在特低渗透储层中遵循的非线性渗流规律及压力敏感性特点,研究不同周期注水方式的渗流规律.结果表明,增注-减注注水方式相同含水率下采出程度高于增注-停注注水方式;增注-减注注水方式比增注-停注注水方式储层吸水剖面均匀,相对低渗储层吸水能力增强,相对高渗储层吸水能力减弱;增注-停注注水方式增注周期注水井附近压力梯度普遍高于0.2MPa/m,注水能量被消耗在建立水流通道上.该模型能直观判断周期注水方式对非均质性开发效果的影响.     

断块油藏典型井组特高含水期配产配注优化研究

断块油藏储层平面非均质严重,在长期的注水开发过程中剩余油分布复杂,平面动用不均衡。通过油水井合理的配产配注,可以改变不均衡的状况。针对断块油藏中一注两采井组和两注一采井组在特高含水期两注采井间动用不均衡的状况,提出了特高含水期均衡驱替的标准,并在不同的储层非均质情况下,开展了井组的配产配注优化研究,建立了不同非均质储层情况下,两种井组在给定的调控时间内达到均衡驱替的注水量或液量分配比例图版。将研究成果应用到实际井组的注采调配中,取得了较好的开发效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.