植物医药基因工程研究进程

转基因植物是现代生产药用蛋白的一个廉价表达的,称为分子药用（molecular medicine farming)或医药工厂化农业（medicine factory faming),它已成为目前植物基因工程的研究热点,综述其研究进展及其独特的优势,提出进一步所要解决的问题,以利于该研究领域的深化。     

植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白研究概述

鉴于微生物和动物生物反应器生产蛋白在技术和生产量上即将到达瓶颈的限制,植物已经成为一种具有吸引力的替代体系来满足对药用蛋白不断增长的需求。本文对几种不同的植物表达系统（稳定的核和叶绿体转化系统,瞬时病毒转化系统）的优缺点进行了评估。并对植物生物反应器的优越性,存在问题及解决方法,应用和展望作了阐述。     

植物生物反应器制药的商品化进展及展望

利用植物生物反应器生产药品是生物制药的一个分支,该技术通过基因工程植物生产药用蛋白质分子、肽和二级代谢物,具有成本低、规模化生产等优点.文章综述了植物生物反应器制药的国内外专利情况,专利内容包括疫苗、治疗蛋白和抗体等研究对象,我国专利申请数量以疫苗为最多,大多由高校等研究机构申请;阐述了国内外植物源疫苗、抗体、治疗和保...     

从天然植物中制取药用原料

从天然植物中制取药用原料,就是采用化学的方法从天然植物中提取分离某一已知的化学成分,经精制后作为药用原料。目前,国内几乎没有专门生产这类天然药用原料的厂家,各个药厂一般都是自行制取,自行使用,不仅投资大、成本高,而且还妨碍了企业的发展。我国的药用天然植物资源非常丰富,从中制取药用原料的方法也比较简单,稍有化学知识的人即可操作,既可家庭小规模生产,也可投资建厂。下面就简单介绍几个目前常用的天然药用原料的制取方法。 1.黄连素与小蘖胺黄连素和小蘖胺是从毛莨科黄连等植物中提取出的黄色生物碱。因黄连为贵重药材,现多用三颗针、黄柏等     

甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用裸子植物及蓝澡类植物资源调查

通过查阅整理相关文献资料和现场实地调查,基本摸清了甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用裸子植物及蓝藻类植物的种类、分布及药用价值。结果表明:连古城自然保护区现有药用裸子植物1科1属4种,药用蓝藻类植物1科1属1种。介绍了保护区4种药用裸子植物及1种蓝藻类植物的药用价值,并就保护和利用药用裸子植物和蓝藻植物资源提出了建议。     

大连城山头海滨地貌国家级自然保护区蛋坨子岛药用种子植物多样性研究

蛋坨子岛共分布有药用种子植物23科36属39种,分别占岛上种子植物科、属、种数的85．18％、72％、73．58％．从数量、生活型和地理成分等方面对该岛的药用种子植物进行了多样性研究,分析了其植物种类、种群数量和分布格局的特点及形成的原因,并对蛋坨子岛药用种子植物的保护提出了具体建议．     

银杏愈伤组织培养及药用成分研究

银杏是我国特有植物,具有重要的药用价值.利用组织培养技术生产次生代谢产物前景广阔.本文综述了银杏愈伤组织诱导过程中外植体、基本培养基、激素、光照等因素对愈伤组织生长速度和主要药用成分含量的影响以及银杏主要药用成分的提取及测定方法.     

甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用藜科、毛茛科植物简介

报道了甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区内分布有藜科、毛茛科植物18属、29种,其中:藜科植物15属、23种,毛茛科植物3属、6种。药用藜科、毛茛科植物10种,其中药用藜科植物7种,毛茛科植物3种。被《全国中草药汇编》(第二版)收录的药用藜科、毛茛科植物3种其中药用藜科植物2种、毛茛科植物1种。对甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用藜科、毛茛科植物种类、分布、药用部位、疗效类型、药用价植等方面作了简介,记述了连古城保护区藜科、毛茛科植物名录。     

甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区菊科药用植物资源调查

通过对甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区菊科植物种类及药用资源进行查阅文献、实地调查、标本采集、系统整理和归纳与分析。报道了甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区范围内分布有菊科植物26属、33种。其中药用菊科植物13种,占保护区菊科植物种数的39.39%;9种药用菊科植物被《全国中草药汇编》收录,占保护区菊科植物种数的27.27%。清热解毒、抗菌消炎类6种,种数最多,占保护区药用菊科植物的46.15%;记述了连古城保护区菊科植物名录。     

汉中地区芳香药用植物资源调查分析

为了更好地利用汉中地区的植物资源,用实地观察法和文献调查法对汉中地区的芳香药用类植物进行调查,研究其主要芳香成分、药用部位及药用价值,并对其应用前景进行了展望。调查结果表明,汉中地区芳香药用类植物有46科72属84种4变种。汉中地区芳香药用类植物的精油主要含有黄酮类化合物、单宁、丁香酚、生物碱、挥发油等成分,具有抗菌消炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、镇静止痛等多种药理活性,药用价值非常高。     

Genetically engineered organisms for bioremediation of pollutants in contaminated sites

Environmental pollution is a major problem which affects biodiversity, public health and ecosystems worldwide. This issue cannot currently be solved using conventional technology because these treatments are expensive, ineffective and time consuming. Conventional methods focus unduly on the separation, rather than the destruction of contaminants. The use of genetically engi- neered organisms for bioremediation would be an envi- ronmentally-friendly and cost-effective alternative for the management and remediation of pollutants in contaminated sites. Different types of genetically engineered microbes have been developed through recombinant DNA and RNA technologies, these have been utilized for the removal of heavy metals and toxic substances from contaminated sites. Transgenic plants can also mobilize or degrade chlorinated solvent, xenobiotic compounds, explosives and phenolic substances. A symbiotic relationship between genetic engineered microbes and transgenic plants can enhance the effectiveness of bioremediation of contaminated sites. This review examines recent developments in the use of genetically engineered microbes and transgenic plants forthe bioremediation of contaminated sites. This review will also identify the environmental factors which influence bioremediation by genetically engineered microbes and transgenic plants as well as suggesting future directions for research in these areas.     

抗除草剂旱稻转基因植株的获得

以旱稻丹粳旱５－５５、６－２４、６－３７的悬浮细胞及未成熟胚为受体材料，采用基因枪法将含ＢＡＲ基因的ｐＤＭ３０２质粒ＤＮＡ导入旱稻细胞中，经ＰＰＴ筛选获得抗性愈伤组织，筛选出的愈伤组织在分化培养基上再生出完整的旱稻转基因植株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ分子杂交分析表明，外源ＢＡＲ基因已整合到水稻基因组内，抗除草剂试验结果表明，转化植株对０．０１％Ｂａｓｔａ（有效成分为ＰＰＴ）有一定程度的抗性，说明外源ＢＡＲ     

转基因植物的生态安全性

在阐述转基因植物产生的必然性和应用现状的基础上,分析转基因植物的生态风险及可能带来的环境问题和转基因食品的安全性问题。认为转基因植物本身可能会变为杂草或使其近缘物种变为杂草,转基因植物可能产生新的病毒或超级病毒,转基因植物对非靶标有益生物、土壤生态系统和生物多样性会有直接或间接的影响。建议抱着理性认识和客观对待的科学态度来对待转基因食品。     

Secretive expression of Aspergillus fumigatus phytase in tobacco improves phosphorus nutrition in plant

To generate transgenic plants capable of utilizing exogenous phytate,an Aspersgillus fumigatus phytase gene(fphyA) was constitutively expressed in tobacco and recombinant enzyme was secreted from plant roots into the rhizosphere using the signal sequence from tobacco calretieulin.After 40 days of plant growth in hydroponic media,phytase activities in leaves,stems,roots and growth media of transgenic plants were 8.6-fold,7.4-fold,12.6-fold and 14.3-fold higher than those of wild-type plants.Signifi-cant improvements in plant growth and phosphoms(P)utilization were observed in the transgenic plants.When phytate was supplied as the sole P source.45-day-old transgenic tobaccos accumulated 1.0-fold and 0.5-fold more shoot and root biomass than wild-type tobaccos.with a concomitant of 1.7-fold increase in total P concentration.These results indicate that secretive expression of the A.fumigatus phytase improves acquisition and use of P from phytate in plants.     

转基因小黑杨对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为评价转基因林木环境释放可能引起的生态风险,以及转基因林木在生产应用中的可行性和可靠性,以实验室种植的转Bt-蜘蛛神经毒肽重组基因的小黑杨为材料,对转基因与非转基因植株根际(通常为几毫米至几厘米)土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量和基因水平转移情况进行检测,结果表明:转基因小黑杨种植一段时间后其根系附近的微生物数量略高于非转基因小黑杨。利用卡那霉素选择培养基分离根系周围细菌菌落发现转基因植株周围的土样细菌中,Kan^R抗性细菌菌落数占总细菌菌落的比例在11.58%～13.00%之间,而非转基因植株根际周围和空白土壤细菌菌落数则在5.73%～6.40%之间,表明转基因小黑杨根系对土壤细菌的抗生素抗性产生一定的影响。利用转基因植株的目的基因和抗性基因设计引物,以土壤中细菌基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,转基因植株种植7个月后,根际土壤细菌菌落中含有抗性基因的菌落数量明显增加。虽然在种植1个月的转基因植株根际土壤土样细菌中未检出目的基因,但在种植7个月后的土样中检验到了很少的目的基因阳性细菌,阳性细菌菌落比例为2%～5%,检测结果表明可能有极少数Bt-蜘蛛神经毒肽重组基因发生了水平转移。     

Transgene directionally integrated into C-genome of Brassica napus

Transgenic Brassica napus has been widely planted in Canada, the United States, and some other countries. In China, although the policy for genetically modified foods has not yet opened, genetically modified rape- seed oil as raw material for biodiesel of…     

Resistance to rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) caused by the expression of trichosanthin gene in transgenic rice plants transferred through agrobacterium method

The gene of trichosanthin has been transferred into rice plants through agrobacterium method. The single copy insertion and the expression of foreign gene have been proved in regenerated plants. In antifungal assay the degrees of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) infection of the transgenic plants expressing trichosanthin and expressingGUS gene as control have been evaluated. The differences such as the time of disease symptom observed, the number of infected plants and damaged leaves, the growth of infected plants of the two transgenic plants after being inoculated by rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) are significant. The transgenic plants with trichosanthin gene grew faster than the plants withGUS gene, even when humidity environment was removed. The results show that the transgenic plants that expressed trichosanthin are able to delay the infection of rice blast compared with the plants as control. In addition, no damage caused by the expression of trichosanthin gene in transgenic plants has been observed.     

转海蓬子Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白基因番茄的耐盐性研究

以转海蓬子Na /H 逆向运输蛋白基因(Nhap)的番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)阳性植株和对照植株为材料,测定叶片相对含水量、质膜透性、K /Na 比值和叶绿素含量4项耐盐指标.结果表明:在盐胁迫条件下,转基因植株的相对含水量、 K /Na 比值和叶绿素含量明显高于对照植株,而叶片质膜透性明显低于对照植株,说明Nhap基因已经在番茄转化植株体内表达,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性.     

A transgenic wheat with a stilbene synthase gene resistant to powdery mildew obtained by biolistic method

Stilbene, a kind of phytoalexin, plays an important role in resistance to fungal and bacterial infection in plants. It strongly inhibits the growth of fungi and sprout of spore. Stilbene synthase gene (Vst1) obtained from grapevine has been transferred into common spring wheat Jinghong 5 by using the biolistic transformation method. Five transgenic plants (T₀) were obtained from the bombarded 2014 immature embryos. One immune plantlet and 3 plantlets with mid-resistance to powdery mildew were identified from the transgenic plants of T₃ generation which came from 2 T₀ transgenic plants.     

Generating of rice OsCENH3-GFP transgenic plants and their genetic applications

In order to investigate rice functional centromeres, OsCENH3-GFP chimeric gene was constructed and transformed into the indica rice variety, Zhongxian 3037, mediated by Agrobacturium. The integration of the exogenous genes in the transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting. The transgenic plants grow normally during their whole life time, just like Zhongxian 3037. No significant defects were detected in either mitosis or meiosis of the transgenic plants. The overlapping of GFP signals and anti-CENH3 foci in both mitotic and meiotic cells from T0 and T1 generation plants indicated that GFP had been successfully fused with CENH3, so the GFP signals can well represent the CENH3 locations on each chromosome. To evaluate the applicability of the transgenic plants to other genetic studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） using rice centromeric tandem repetitive sequence CentO as the probe was conducted on the zygotene chromosomes of pollen mother cells （PMCs）. It has been revealed that the GFP signals are overlapping with CentO FISH signals, showing that CentO is one of the key elements constituting rice functional centromeres. Immunofluorescent staining using anti-o-tublin antibody and anti-PAIR2 antibody on the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis stages of the transgenic plants further reveals that OsCENH3-GFP transgenic plants can be widely used for studying rice molecular biology, especially for tagging functional centromeres in both living cells and tissues.