Origin and nature of cold seep in northeastern Dongsha area, South China Sea: Evidence from chimney-like seep carbonates

The occurrence of seep carbonates is one of the characteristic features for cold seep sites at continental margins.The carbonates documented the venting history of methane-rich fluid.Compared to the chemoherm carbonates and carbonate pavements which formed on the sediment-water interface,chimney-like seep carbonates precipitated around fluid conduits below the sediment-water interface therefore better recording information of the past fluid flow and composition.Here the chimney-like seep carbonate samples from the northeastern Dongsha area of the South China Sea were studied to understand the origin and nature of the venting fluids and their potential relationship with gas hydrate deposits underneath the seafloor.Based on the occurrence,morphology,petrology,mineralogy and C-and O-isotope compositions,combined with present and past bottom water temperatures and the timing of methane release events,the oxygen isotopic fractionation between calcite and water were used to estimate the equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids.Theδ13C values ranging from 56.33‰to 42.70‰V-PDB and thus clearly show that the studied chimneys were mainly derived from biogenic methane oxidation.The calculated equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids ranged from 1.9‰0.3‰to 0.6‰0.3‰V-SMOW,with an average of 1.4‰0.3‰V-SMOW which is heavier than those of seawater even at the last glacial maximum.It is considered that the formation of chimney-like carbonates was closely related to methane hydrate dissociation in the area.The methane hydrates contributed as much as45.7%of water to the venting fluids.It is suggested that the climate and environmental changes(e.g.sea-level lowering,down-cutting canyons and mass wasting)are the major mechanisms maybe responsible for the destabilization of methane hydrates in the study area.The extensive occurrence of seep carbonates indicates that a large amount of the methane released from methane hydrate dissociation has been effectively captured and sequestered by microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)before it escapes into the water column.     

日喀则群沉积厚度、沉积速率及剥蚀速率

通过对日喀则弧前盆地日喀则群沉积的详细研究,对日喀则群的沉积厚度、沉积速率做了近似的计算.日喀则群现今保存下来的厚度平均为3 000 m,恢复其原始沉积厚度为4 800 m,从而计算得出沉积速率为34 cm/ka(未脱压校正值为22 cm/ka),主沉积期的沉积速率为308 cm/ka(未脱压校正);并且与其他几个白垩纪同类盆地进行对比,得出白垩纪此类盆地发育过程中,沉积速率的平均值为27.75 cm/ka.根据近似恢复的弧前盆地和剥蚀区的范围,计算得出沉积盆地沉积物充填总量最小90 750 km3,最大137 500 km3;物源区剥蚀速率最小0.1 mm/a,最大0.45 mm/a.     

冷泉水体甲烷气体浓度反演方法研究

冷泉水体中的甲烷气体浓度异常不仅是海底天然气水合物赋存的重要标志,同时对于研究海洋环境以及全球气候变化具有重要的意义。在现有海底冷泉特征分析研究的基础上,建立了根据单波束测深数据定量获取冷泉水体中的甲烷气体浓度分布的反演方法,并以鄂霍次克海千岛盆地西北陆坡冷泉区为例,利用海试获取的12 kHz和20 kHz声学回波测深数据,对研究区域内冷泉水体中的溶解甲烷浓度进行了计算。通过与冷泉水体样本的色谱分析结果进行比对可见,该反演方法的计算结果与现场实测数据具有良好的一致性,并且由于在波束角和气泡共振效应方面的优势,12 kHz测深数据对应的反演结果与实测数据更为接近。同时,相关计算结果表明,该区域内水体中的溶解甲烷主要来自于冷泉释放的甲烷游离气。此外,现场观测结果表明,水合物稳定带底界以深区域内冷泉气泡表面的水合物结壳会显著延长气泡的上浮时间和距离。     

川中地区上三叠统香溪群烃源岩热演化史模拟

川中地区在喜马拉雅期的强烈隆升和地层剥蚀作用下,大部分地区缺失了上侏罗统及以上地层。根据八角场和南充等气田典型井的泥岩声波时差分析,地层剥蚀厚度大约2500m。在不同岩性地层压实校正基础上,应用盆地模拟方法对163口井上三叠统香溪群的埋藏史和有机质的热演化史进行模拟计算。结果表明,川中地区上三叠统香溪群烃源岩在中侏罗世末期进入生烃门限,晚侏罗世为低成熟阶段,白垩纪为大量生烃期。到白垩纪末期,除川中北部达到高成熟晚期以外,其余大部分地区处于生烃高峰期。早第三纪以来,地层抬升和剥蚀作用导致地层温度降低,阻碍了烃源岩有机质进一步的生烃作用。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地海陆过渡区油气成藏规律

从区域地质着手,通过对比分析,总结了尼日尔三角洲盆地海陆过渡区石油地质特征及其油气成藏规律与成藏主控因素,认为:尼日尔三角洲盆地是伴随冈瓦那古大陆解体与大西洋扩张发育形成的典型被动大陆边缘型盆地,主要经历了早白垩世晚期-晚白垩世桑托期的裂谷阶段以及晚白垩世坎佩尼期以来的漂移期2个主要演化阶段.盆地主体是新生代三角洲,沉积厚度达到12 km以上,包括Akata组、Agbada组和Benin组3个穿时的岩性地层单元.其中最下部的Akata组为大陆架-大陆坡的前三角洲、浅海-深海相厚层泥页岩,亦是研究区主要烃源岩;中部Agbada组主要是三角洲前缘砂体、海底扇砂体等,是区域油气藏储集层发育层段;上部Benin组则主要是陆相河流及岸后沼泽沉积,多发育互层泥岩,构成区域的主要油气藏盖层.由于Akata组塑性泥岩段主要以流动构造为特点,引起上覆地层发育重力构造,构造样式在平面上具有明显的分带性,陆地和陆架浅海区发育大型伸展构造.研究区发育区域性生长断裂,其控制的构造格局与圈闭样式是油气聚集与成藏的主控因素.     

沁水盆地石炭-二叠煤系地层烃源岩特征及生烃有利区评价

对山西沁水盆地石炭－二叠煤系地层烃源岩的有机地化资料进行分析总结。结果表明,山西组和太原组煤岩样品显微组分以镜质组为主,其次为惰质组,稳定组分（壳质组＋腐泥组）的质量分数一般低于11.2％;干酪根 H／C 原子比主要集中在0.20～0.85,O／C 原子比主要集中在0.02～0.10,属高演化Ⅲ型有机质;煤岩碳同位素普遍偏重,为－23‰～－25.6‰;沥青“A”中,饱和烃的质量分数大多数＜25％,芳烃为11％～58％,饱／芳比值一般为＜0.4。煤系泥岩显微组分以镜质组为主,其次是惰质组,壳质组较低;H／C 原子比主要在0.25～0.75,O／C 原子比主要在0.03～0.20,属高演化Ⅲ型有机质,小部分属于Ⅱ2型有机质;碳同位素偏重,为－23.5‰～－25.9‰,饱和烃质量分数＜25％,大部分＜20％。太原组灰岩以Ⅱ2型干酪根为主,碳同位素轻于山西组及太原组煤岩及泥岩,主要在－26.0‰～－30.0‰。制定了适合沁水盆地煤系地层中煤岩和泥岩的生烃潜力评价标准,对烃源岩有利生烃区进行评价。综合认为,沁水盆地山西组煤岩总体上是中等－好烃源岩,以盆地两翼为好,中部和南部为中等－差烃源岩;太原组煤岩总体上为中等－好烃源岩,两翼大部分为好烃源岩,沁县－祁县－榆次－榆社一带以及南部地区为差－中等烃源岩;沁水盆地山西组泥岩总体上为中等偏差的烃源岩,只有西部部分地区为好烃源岩,盆地中部地区烃源岩生烃潜力比两翼差;太原组泥岩总体上为中等偏差的烃源岩,西部局部地区为好烃源岩,盆地边缘比盆地中央的生烃潜力稍大一些。     

Sedimentary environment of the Dajin conglomerate in Tibet, age of foraminiferan assemblages and their tectonic significance

The Dajin conglomerate, which is one of the most important sedimentary successions of the Xigaze forearc basin in Tibet, China, consists of deep-shallow marine tuffaceous turbidites and clastic rocks bearing Nummulites, Assilina, Alveolina and Lockhartia. These fossils are very similar to the foraminiferan in the Jialazi and Maila conglomerates, and those in Gangba and Dingri areas. They developed in the Eocene. By analyzing the spatial variation of Eocene sedimentary environments of Tibet Plateau and the foraminiferan in the Dajin conglomerate, we found that Eocene sedimentation should take place on both sides of the Yarlung Tsangpo suture, and the late Eocene tectonic uplifting should make the forearc basin expose out of the sea level and begin to receive nonmarine deposits.     

Influence of overpressure on coalbed methane reservoir in south Qinshui basin

In theory, from the high temperature and pressure during the coal generating gas to the present low temperature and pressure of coalbed methane reservoir, the accumulation of coalbed methane was from oversaturated to undersaturated. The gas content of the coalbed methane reservoir in the south Qinshui basin was 12-35.7 m3/t. According to the isotherm and measured gas content of No. 3 coal, the adsorbed gas content in some wells was highly saturated and oversaturated, which was hard to theoretically understand. In addition, there were no thermogenic and biogenic gases at the late stage in the south Qinshui basin. This article proposed that the overpressure was the main reason for the present high saturation of the coalbed methane reservoir. In early Cretaceous, the coalbed methane reservoir was characterized by overpressure and high saturation caused by gas generation from coal measure source rocks. In late Cretaceous, the coalbed methane reservoir was rapidly uplifted, and with the temperature and pressure decreasing, the pressure condition of adsorbed gas changed from overpressure to normal-under pressure, which resulted in the high saturation and gas content in the present coalbed methane reservoir.     

印尼宾都尼盆地侏罗系油气成藏特征及勘探潜力

宾都尼盆地是印尼东部重要的中生界含油气盆地之一,经历了克拉通内坳陷、裂谷期、被动陆缘和挤压反转期4期构造演化,形成现今弧后前陆盆地的构造格局。盆地的主要烃源岩和储盖组合多发育于中古生界,晚二叠世与早中侏罗世煤系地层是主力烃源岩,排烃高峰期始晚中新世,以生气为主。侏罗系三角洲-滨岸砂体为优质储层,原生粒间孔发育,平均孔隙度15%,平均渗透率18mD,属于中孔-中高渗透储层;盆地中北部前渊斜坡带发育一系列背斜、断背斜圈闭,且发现了大量气田群;天然气多以“下生上储”,即从前渊坳陷气源灶沿着砂体和断层运移至侏罗系砂岩圈闭聚集成藏。综合分析认为,储层质量和有效圈闭是侏罗系油气成藏的主控因素,东部逆冲褶皱带与海湾南部斜坡带是未来勘探的两个有利区带。     

塔里木盆地塔东英南2气藏气源分析

英南2凝析气藏天然气属富氮湿气,烃类气体体积分数一般为78.86%~87.67%;甲烷68.92%~76.67%,重烃气体为9.17%~14.01%,非烃气体氮气为13.89%~21.07%,甲烷和乙烷的碳同位素分别为-38.6‰~-36.2‰和-30.9‰~-34.7‰.根据天然气组分、天然气碳同位素的特征,认为英南2凝析气藏的天然气来源于高过成熟的下古生界海相寒武系—下奥陶统腐泥型干酪根形成的原油裂解气,同时应用ln(C2/C3)-ln(C1/C2)及δ13C2-δ13C3与ln(C2/C3)判识模式也印证了英南2气藏气源为原油裂解气,气藏凝析油中存在高含量的金刚烷,指示原油经历了裂解,裂解程度为80%~90%.     

吐哈盆地北部山前带下侏罗统天然气气源与成藏模式

为了明确山前带柯柯亚下侏罗统气藏,对于这套位于中上侏罗统油气藏之下的天然气性质、来源及成藏模式,运用地球化学分析和天然气气藏解剖方法进行研究.研究结果表明:本区天然气甲烷碳同位素分布在-44.0‰～－38.7‰,乙烷碳同位分布在-29.0‰～－27.5‰,属于偏腐泥型的腐殖气,伴生原油的物理性质和生物标志物呈现出典型的成熟煤系油特征,并与中上侏罗统油气来源不同,即地质条件和地球化学数据都证明天然气母质处于成熟演化阶段,垂向运移距离短,来自八道湾组煤系泥岩;天然气大量充注前大面积致密储层的形成、下侏罗统异常超压的发育以及源储的紧密叠置,都是形成致密砂岩气藏的地质条件.     

西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带的沉积－构造演化

西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带从晚侏罗世至今可能经历了新特提斯洋的两期俯冲作用,早期俯冲从晚侏罗世至早白垩世,以桑日群和恰布林组为代表,雅鲁藏布江古蛇绿岩在此期形成;而晚期俯冲从中白垩世至始新世,以混杂岩、雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩和日喀则为代表,拉孜－浪卡子断裂可能代表了印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞的实际地表位置,由此提出包括新特提斯洋两期俯冲作用在内的五个阶段的雅鲁藏布江缝合带沉积－构造演化过程。     

南美地区油气地质特征及常规油气资源潜力

在分析南美油气地质特征的基础上,进行南美主要含油气盆地待发现常规油气资源评价,总结待发现油气资源分布规律,探讨其勘探前景。结果表明,受4大板块碰撞影响,南美沉积盆地可分成弧前、弧后、前陆、内克拉通和被动陆缘盆地5种类型。南美油气成藏条件优越,烃源岩以中新生界海相-陆相泥岩为主,生烃潜力大。储层以白垩系和第三系碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩为主,分布广泛。盖层中新生界区域性泥岩和盐岩为主,封堵能力强。采用以成藏组合为基础评价单元的资源评价方法,将南美65个盆地共划分出152个成藏组合,并进行了资源评价。预测南美65个主要含油气盆地的待发现石油可采资源量为263716MMB,待发现凝析油可采资源量为7405MMB,待发现天然气可采资源量为559020BCF。待发现油气资源在平面上呈“两带”展布、“两中心”富集特征;在纵向上主要富集于白垩系和第三系。被动陆缘盆地和前陆盆地是南美未来油气勘探的两个重点领域,其中深海和前陆冲断带是主要勘探方向,巴西、委内瑞拉是重点关注国家。     

Geothermal field and its relation with coalbed methane distribution of the Qinshui Basin

The average geothermal gradient in the Qin-shui Basin, Shanxi Province, North China, estimated from temperature logging data of 20 boreholes is 28.2±1.03℃/km. The thermal conductivities of 39 rock samples are measured and 20 heat flow values are obtained. The estimated heat flow ranges from 44.75 mW7m2 to 101.81 mW/m2, with a mean of 62.69±15.20 mW/m2. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite data, using Ther-model for Windows 2004, reveals that the average paleo-heat flow at the time of maximum burial in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous is 158.41 mW/m2 for the north part, 119.57 mW/m2 for the central part and 169.43 mW/m2for the south part of the basin respectively. The reconstruction of the buried history of the strata indicates that the age for the end of sedimentation and the beginning of erosion for the basin is 108-156 Ma, and that the eroded thickness of the strata is 2603 m in the north, 2291 m in the central, and 2528.9 m in the south of the basin respectively. The "higher in the north and the south, lower in the central" distribution pattern of the paleo-heat flow coincides with the distribution of the coal-bed methane spatially and temporally, which shows that the coal-bed methane is controlled by the paleo-geotem-perature field in the basin.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

新疆东部三塘湖盆地构造演化及其石油地质意义

三塘湖盆地形成于晚古生代以后,是一个构造演化复杂的中小型含油气盆地,经历了石炭纪到早二叠世盆地基底形成阶段、晚二叠世到白垩纪盆地发育阶段和第三纪以来的后期盆地改造阶段。在基底形成阶段,早石炭世为古准噶尔洋盆俯冲的活动大陆边缘时期,晚石炭世进入哈萨克斯坦板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞造山时期,早二叠世为碰撞后伸展转换时期。从晚二叠世以后,盆地进入发育阶段。晚二叠世为造山后伸展断陷时期,三叠纪末为挤压隆升时期,侏罗纪-早白垩世盆地进入拗陷时期,早白垩世末期为挤压逆冲时期。从第三纪以来,盆地进入了后期的改造阶段。在整个盆地演化过程中,晚二叠世盆地处于张性成盆环境,并沉积发育了上二叠统芦草沟组泥灰岩、上三叠统小泉沟群和下-中侏罗统水西沟群以暗色泥岩为主的三套烃源岩。受其区域性挤压构造背景影响,早白垩世末期和晚始新世是盆地两个油气成藏关键时刻,特别是新生代晚期盆地的改造对油气能否进入成熟生油阶段具有重要意义。     

内蒙古天草凹陷油气生成的盆地数值模拟及油气资源远景分析

利用BASIMS盆地模拟系统对银根-额济纳旗盆地天草凹陷白垩系烃源岩的油气生成进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明,白垩系烃源岩的油气生成过程经历了早白垩世早中期初步生排烃阶段,早白垩世中晚期大规模生排烃阶段和晚白垩世以来生排烃停滞阶段3个时期,全区累计生烃1836 80Mt,下白垩统巴音戈壁组烃源岩是天草凹陷的主力烃源岩层系,其生排烃量占总量的90%。用聚集系数法计算的天草凹陷的总资源量为0 74×108t,在同规模、同等勘探程度的油气勘探新区中是很有资源远景的地区之一。     

Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Alaminos Canyon,Gulf of Mexico

Seep carbonates were collected from the Alaminos Canyon lease area, Gulf of Mexico. The carbonates are present as slabs and blocks. Bivalve shell and foraminifer are the dominant bioclasts in carbonate. Pores are common and usually filled with acicular aragonite crystals. XRD investigation shows that aragonite is the dominate mineral （98%）. Peloids, clotted microfabirc and botryoidal aragonite are developed in carbonate and suggest a genesis linked with bacterial degradation of the hydrocarbons. The δ^13C value of bioclasts in carbonate is from -4.9‰ to -0.6‰, indicating that the carbon source is mainly from sea water as well as the small portion incorporation of the seep hydrocarbon. The microcrystalline and sparite aragonite shows the δ^13C value from -31.3‰ to -23.4‰, suggesting that their carbon is derived mainly from microbial degradation of crude oil. ^14C analyses give the radiocarbon age of about 10 ka. Rare earth elements （REE） analyses of the 5% HNO3-treated solution of the carbonates show that the total REE content of the carbonates is low, that is from 0.752 to 12.725 μg·g^-1. The shale-normalized REE patterns show significantly negative Ce anomalies. This suggests that cold seep carbonate is most likely formed in a relatively aerobic environment.     

川东南二三叠系气藏硫化氢成因探讨

通过天然气组分、碳氢同位素组成与薄片、包裹体等资料分析,研究了川东南二-三叠系的长兴组、飞仙关组与茅口组气藏H₂S成因。结果表明,天然气组分以烷烃气为主,非烃含量平均24.68%。其中,烷烃气均偏干,部分样乙烷低于检测下限,可测样乙烷含量0.03%~0.39%,均值0.15%;δ¹³C₁值均偏重,为–28.3‰~–35.2‰,平均–31.1‰,部分样出现δ¹³C₁ > δ¹³C₂倒转。非烃以CO₂和H₂S为主,H₂S含量1.0%~21.7%,平均5.3%。储层中代表原油充注与古油藏裂解的各类沥青较少见,方解石脉中烃类包裹体以含气态烃包裹体为主,含油包裹体少见。结合前人研究成果认为,川东南茅口组几乎不含H₂S的岩溶缝洞型气藏（分布于涪陵北部与綦江地区）未见遭TSR改造迹象;飞仙关组气藏（分布于涪陵北部）、长兴组气藏（主要分布于涪陵北部与中部）与茅口组热液白云岩气藏（分布于涪陵中南部）的H₂S均为TSR成因,部分遭受TSR改造气藏现今H₂S含量较低或为后期被消耗所致;其中,飞仙关组参与TSR反应的烃类以液态烃为主,而其他层位气藏以气态烃（甲烷）为主,这可能与TSR发生时储层中是否存在一定量液态烃有关。TSR反应于各层内独立发生,并非飞仙关组发生后向下“倒灌”。长兴组TSR反应所需硫源或来自飞仙关沉积期卤水的侧向排泄,茅口组硫源或来自相邻层位富含SO₄^2-流体。